http://www.quantummatter.com/space_resonance.html
The physical structure of the charged particles involves inward and outward spherical quantum waves. At the center, spherical rotation* changes in-waves to out-waves
The Space Resonance concept – matter structured of spherical wave centers – avoids and explains the paradoxes and problems of point particles. In hindsight it is simple; since mass and charge substances do not exist in nature, removing them from particle structure also removes their problems. In their place, the wave centers possess the properties of mass and charge which we observe in a human-sized laboratory, but without the problems of finding mass points which do not exist!. One of the fascinating puzzles explained below by this new structure is the former mystery—the spin of the electron! The overwhelming proof of the Wave Structure of Matter is the discovery that all the former empirical natural laws originate from the wave structure. The probability of a coincidence is infinitesimally small.
New Insights. A simple spherical wave structure of the particles leads to new exciting insights, including: 1) the origin of the natural laws, and 2) the relationships between the smallest things—particles—and the largest, the universe itself. These insights are breath-taking in their scope and potential. This structure appears to agree with and predict experimental observations.
Origin of the Laws. The origin of the natual laws are basically concerned with the behavior and forces between two particles. Using Democritis' static particle model, there was no way to understand how forces, locations, or directions could be communicated between the particles. Now the inward and outward spherical waves of the two particles provide that infomation continuously. The origin of the natural laws are described in a book, “Exploring the Physics of the Unknown Universe”, available at Amazon.com.
The Particle vs. the Universe. The relationships between particles and the entire universe are interacting with each other through their inward and outward waves. Thus they become joined into one ensemble of waves which determines the behavior of the individual particles. The simplest example is Mach's Principle, which proposed (1890) that all the matter of the universe determines the law of inertia (F=ma).
This and other relationships are discussed in the paper “The Eightfold Way of the Universe”.
http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtopic=4644&st=0&
I have a new possibilities for the Milo Wolf idea.
A gravitational field is created by the oscillating energetic particles. This oscillations are moving like a wave of the space and it causes a tension (mathematical tensor). This oscillations are of Planck length.
This tiny oscillations interfere and particles-antiparticles may appear. If there is not a magnetic moment the pair disappears. If there is a strong magnetic moment the pair may move and annihilate (spontaneous gamma emission).
That way the Vacuum energy is created from a gravitational field.
A gravitational field is created by the oscillating energetic particles. This oscillations are moving like a wave of the space and it causes a tension (mathematical tensor). This oscillations are of Planck length.
This tiny oscillations interfere and particles-antiparticles may appear. If there is not a magnetic moment the pair disappears. If there is a strong magnetic moment the pair may move and annihilate (spontaneous gamma emission).
That way the Vacuum energy is created from a gravitational field.
QUOTE (czeslaw+Sep 10 2007, 10:22 AM)
...the physical structure of the charged particles involves inward and outward spherical quantum waves. At the center, spherical rotation* changes in-waves to out-waves...
Such model isn't feasible both from math point of view, both from physical point of view. After all, no theory has reason to be disputed, if it didn't supplied some testable predictions and the way, by which it can be falsified.
Such model isn't feasible both from math point of view, both from physical point of view. After all, no theory has reason to be disputed, if it didn't supplied some testable predictions and the way, by which it can be falsified.
And what fundamental exchange occurs that makes the magnetic moments real, from your perspective?
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 11:59 AM)
And what fundamental exchange occurs that makes the magnetic moments real, from your perspective?
By AWT the vacuum is the dense particle system similar to the condensing supercritical vapor. Such vapor is behaving like heavily compressed gas, which has many properties similar both to the fluid, both to the gas.
By my opinion, the vacuum behaves by this way, because it's the most complex behavior available in the simple system, the evolution of universe chooses the system with the maximal complexity, which is enabling maximal complexity and energy propagation intensity. In the pure gas the energy propagates with high intensity, but slowly. In pure fluid the energy propagates faster, but with low intensity. It's possible, the energy is propagating by all possible means through Aether, but the propagation of energy along surfaces of density fluctuations like the waves at the water surface enables to see the most distant area of Universe. The reality appears so, because it's most "transparent" or "visible" for us.
The density fluctuations of such vapor are similar to the elastic foam. But they're exhibiting a vorticity too, so their behavior is nontrivial. The magnetic field results from propagation of such vorticity to the distance.
By AWT the vacuum is the dense particle system similar to the condensing supercritical vapor. Such vapor is behaving like heavily compressed gas, which has many properties similar both to the fluid, both to the gas.
By my opinion, the vacuum behaves by this way, because it's the most complex behavior available in the simple system, the evolution of universe chooses the system with the maximal complexity, which is enabling maximal complexity and energy propagation intensity. In the pure gas the energy propagates with high intensity, but slowly. In pure fluid the energy propagates faster, but with low intensity. It's possible, the energy is propagating by all possible means through Aether, but the propagation of energy along surfaces of density fluctuations like the waves at the water surface enables to see the most distant area of Universe. The reality appears so, because it's most "transparent" or "visible" for us.
The density fluctuations of such vapor are similar to the elastic foam. But they're exhibiting a vorticity too, so their behavior is nontrivial. The magnetic field results from propagation of such vorticity to the distance.
ATTACK!! ATTACK!! Quick Zeph, something real is ATTACKING you!!!
So no fundamental room for let's say, a magnetic monopole?
Hej Czeslaw
QUOTE: "The Space Resonance concept – matter structured of spherical wave centers –"
Yes I agree - it is a good concept - EVERYTHING is wave-interference structures
In agreement with the 3D Pixel Universe - where fundamental space is fille up by smallest "particles" that can exist in physical world, arranged shoulder by shoulder in an ideal 3D lattice structure - I call them Pixels - and the Pixel can signal ON OFF by shanging its tension - and in this wave-structures can be expressed by this 3D Pixel Screen.
Any and all matter is wave-interferences played by the pixels on this rigid and ideal stable structure - 3D Pixel Screen IS the Aether - IS the fundamenbtal space, and 3D Pixel Screen serve as the INTERFACE between Informational World and Physical World (Universe), and Universe can be seen as the physical expression of Information.
Spin is equivalent to the frequency of wave-structure that define said "particle". Mass is a reflection of how many Pixels are involved in the expression of a "particle" - and it is not only Pixels plying but also Pixels "shadowed" - meaning total number of Pixels actively and passively engaged in the wave-expression. Gravity is the simple fact that wave-structures are being established at places where interferences with other wave-structures can take place - "matter creates matter".
DE is 3D Pixel Screen where the Pixels are mute - not playing - DM is 3D Pixel Screen expressing small wave-patterns - not big enough to be perceptable by human senses and their instruments. Physical matter is wave-expressions big enough to interfere with human wave-patterns.
3D Pixel Screen is a simple and logic structure to fulfill the requirement for a Medium to express waves - and a simple way to explain how Fundamental Space is filled up by mass and energy - and how so-called vacuum space can turn into matter.
QUOTE: "The Space Resonance concept – matter structured of spherical wave centers –"
Yes I agree - it is a good concept - EVERYTHING is wave-interference structures
In agreement with the 3D Pixel Universe - where fundamental space is fille up by smallest "particles" that can exist in physical world, arranged shoulder by shoulder in an ideal 3D lattice structure - I call them Pixels - and the Pixel can signal ON OFF by shanging its tension - and in this wave-structures can be expressed by this 3D Pixel Screen.
Any and all matter is wave-interferences played by the pixels on this rigid and ideal stable structure - 3D Pixel Screen IS the Aether - IS the fundamenbtal space, and 3D Pixel Screen serve as the INTERFACE between Informational World and Physical World (Universe), and Universe can be seen as the physical expression of Information.
Spin is equivalent to the frequency of wave-structure that define said "particle". Mass is a reflection of how many Pixels are involved in the expression of a "particle" - and it is not only Pixels plying but also Pixels "shadowed" - meaning total number of Pixels actively and passively engaged in the wave-expression. Gravity is the simple fact that wave-structures are being established at places where interferences with other wave-structures can take place - "matter creates matter".
DE is 3D Pixel Screen where the Pixels are mute - not playing - DM is 3D Pixel Screen expressing small wave-patterns - not big enough to be perceptable by human senses and their instruments. Physical matter is wave-expressions big enough to interfere with human wave-patterns.
3D Pixel Screen is a simple and logic structure to fulfill the requirement for a Medium to express waves - and a simple way to explain how Fundamental Space is filled up by mass and energy - and how so-called vacuum space can turn into matter.
The Electron.
The electron is composed of spherical waves which converge to the center and then become outward waves. The two waves form a standing wave whose peaks and nodes are like the layers of an onion. The wave amplitude is a scalar number like a quantum wave, not an electromagnetic vector wave (a mathematical wave of force). The Wave-Center is the apparent location of the electron 'particle'.
The electron is composed of spherical waves which converge to the center and then become outward waves. The two waves form a standing wave whose peaks and nodes are like the layers of an onion. The wave amplitude is a scalar number like a quantum wave, not an electromagnetic vector wave (a mathematical wave of force). The Wave-Center is the apparent location of the electron 'particle'.
QUOTE (gravy+Sep 10 2007, 12:21 PM)
...quick Zeph, something real is ATTACKING you...
The Dr. Milo Wolf's theory cannot attack any theory, which is based on the basic understanding of wave mechanics. Furthermore such model is apparently incompatible with quantum mechanics (the quantum wave appears completelly differently), so here's no chance, such model could ever interfere with mainstream physics.
The Dr. Milo Wolf's theory cannot attack any theory, which is based on the basic understanding of wave mechanics. Furthermore such model is apparently incompatible with quantum mechanics (the quantum wave appears completelly differently), so here's no chance, such model could ever interfere with mainstream physics.
Hej Zephir
QUOTE: "the quantum wave appears completelly differently"
Can you explain the difference between a "Milo Wolf Wave" and a "Quantum Wave"
Just in simple plain words.
QUOTE: "the quantum wave appears completelly differently"
Can you explain the difference between a "Milo Wolf Wave" and a "Quantum Wave"
Just in simple plain words.
Monopoles always occur in pairs. A pair of magnetic monopoles, referred to as a dipole, always consists of one positive monopole and one negative monopole.
The mathematical expression for the magnetic force experienced between two magnetic monopoles is given by
Fm=1/µ(p1p2/r2)
Where µ is a constant of proportionality known as the magnetic permeability, p1 and p2 are the strengths of the two magnetic monopoles, and r is the distance between the two poles.
But the magnetic monopoles that we have been describing have never actually been observed!! However, this does not mean they do not exist. It was Paul Dirac who postulated that if there was an elementary form of electronic charge, then there would be an elementary magnetic charge... A single pole curling into itself.
The fundamental magnetic element appears to consist of two magnetic monopoles, one positive and one negative, separated by some distance. This fundamental magnetic element consisting of two monopoles is called a magnetic dipole.
Given that the magnetic force applied to one magnetic monopole by another magnetic monopole is given by Coulomb's equation, what does the force look like? Assume that there is a negative magnetic pole, p1 < 0.0, located at a point x=-1 and y=0. Now, let's take a positive magnetic pole, p2 > 0.0, and move it to some location (x,y) and measure the strength and the direction of the magnetic force field...
It would look like a single point, with two forces excerting inwards.
This fundamental behaviour is needed to explain the magnetic forces at work inside the atom. We need a negative and a positive magnetic monopole to answer for the magnetic changes between let's say, a particle and its antipartner.
NeoNo.1
The mathematical expression for the magnetic force experienced between two magnetic monopoles is given by
Fm=1/µ(p1p2/r2)
Where µ is a constant of proportionality known as the magnetic permeability, p1 and p2 are the strengths of the two magnetic monopoles, and r is the distance between the two poles.
But the magnetic monopoles that we have been describing have never actually been observed!! However, this does not mean they do not exist. It was Paul Dirac who postulated that if there was an elementary form of electronic charge, then there would be an elementary magnetic charge... A single pole curling into itself.
The fundamental magnetic element appears to consist of two magnetic monopoles, one positive and one negative, separated by some distance. This fundamental magnetic element consisting of two monopoles is called a magnetic dipole.
Given that the magnetic force applied to one magnetic monopole by another magnetic monopole is given by Coulomb's equation, what does the force look like? Assume that there is a negative magnetic pole, p1 < 0.0, located at a point x=-1 and y=0. Now, let's take a positive magnetic pole, p2 > 0.0, and move it to some location (x,y) and measure the strength and the direction of the magnetic force field...
It would look like a single point, with two forces excerting inwards.
This fundamental behaviour is needed to explain the magnetic forces at work inside the atom. We need a negative and a positive magnetic monopole to answer for the magnetic changes between let's say, a particle and its antipartner.
NeoNo.1
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 12:25 PM)
...so no fundamental room for let's say, a magnetic monopole?...
The vorticity is the symmetric phenomena. The metastable things like neutral electrons or magnetic monopoles can exist attached to the branes in the dense core of neutron stars like metastable artifacts, but I cannot imagine, how they should appear or behave.
The vorticity is the symmetric phenomena. The metastable things like neutral electrons or magnetic monopoles can exist attached to the branes in the dense core of neutron stars like metastable artifacts, but I cannot imagine, how they should appear or behave.
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 12:25 PM)
...Can you explain the difference between a "Milo Wolf Wave" and a "Quantum Wave"...
This is how the normal quantum wave of particle appears. In fact, nothing spherically symmetric is on it in general, the quantum wave is the sort of composite surface wave, undulating at place. The animations on the right are the real particle wave simulations of single and composite particles.
The strange behavior of quantum wave follows from the fact, the Aether foam is nonlinear environment, and it gets more dense, when being involved by the energy wave by the same way, like the soap foam under shaking. The classical wave equation cannot be applied on it by non recursive, i.e. by Millo Wolf's way.
This is how the normal quantum wave of particle appears. In fact, nothing spherically symmetric is on it in general, the quantum wave is the sort of composite surface wave, undulating at place. The animations on the right are the real particle wave simulations of single and composite particles.
The strange behavior of quantum wave follows from the fact, the Aether foam is nonlinear environment, and it gets more dense, when being involved by the energy wave by the same way, like the soap foam under shaking. The classical wave equation cannot be applied on it by non recursive, i.e. by Millo Wolf's way.
I just told you above, both descriptively and mathematically Zephir... As for your presumption, do you ever find that you exhaust most of your work on Aether Wave Theory? Do you not think it would be more productive to study all of the sciences concerning physics, than rather a rigid one-way-area? I say this, because you don't seem to understand (correct me if i am wrong), that magnetic changes of dipole movements are and should be found in all of nature, not only the non-locality of the stars... They should be found frequently here on earth and even on Mars... I beleive that we haven't found magnetic monopoles for two reasons... Those being they are extreemly small, smaller than even the electron and they may behave analogous to a boson... perhaps even a tachyonic behaviour. I say this, because some theorists believe that the graviton is a tachyon particle.
NeoNo.1
NeoNo.1
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 01:17 PM)
...those being they are extremely small, smaller than even the electron and they may behave analogous to a boson... perhaps even a tachyonic behavior....
This is just a guessing, not supported by any theory or even hypothesis. Just a dream, be more specific... I can say the opposite with the very same relevancy.
The magnetic field has a close-loop character, the monopole can exist if only one half of loop will become highly degenerated by interaction with another particle or by some other extreme gradient of vacuum field density. And it will not be the "true monopole" anyway.. Do some unipolar magnetic domains exist in boson condensates?
This is just a guessing, not supported by any theory or even hypothesis. Just a dream, be more specific... I can say the opposite with the very same relevancy.
The magnetic field has a close-loop character, the monopole can exist if only one half of loop will become highly degenerated by interaction with another particle or by some other extreme gradient of vacuum field density. And it will not be the "true monopole" anyway.. Do some unipolar magnetic domains exist in boson condensates?
What do you mean? Can you exert your question in layman terms please?
Hej Zephir
QUOTE: "This is how the normal quantum wave of particle appears. In fact, nothing spherically symmetric is on it in general, the quantum wave is the sort of composite surface wave, undulating at place. The animations on the right are the real particle wave simulations of single and composite particles."
I may be wrong - but for me it would seem that the difference is in the "pixel size" of the two presentations.
QUOTE: "This is how the normal quantum wave of particle appears. In fact, nothing spherically symmetric is on it in general, the quantum wave is the sort of composite surface wave, undulating at place. The animations on the right are the real particle wave simulations of single and composite particles."
I may be wrong - but for me it would seem that the difference is in the "pixel size" of the two presentations.
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 01:32 PM)
What do you mean? Can you exert your question in layman terms please?
Magnetic domain is group of entangled atoms, sharing their magnetic momentum. I do believe, the magnetic monopoles cannot exist as a single particle, rather like aggregate of more particles with magnetic momentum compensated in one direction. Something like sort of magnetic plasma streaks, attached to the stellar surface or classical magnets, attached by corresponding poles towards each of other. A highly energetic and metastable arrangement, indeed..
Zephir... I'm getting old... I'll be a corpse once you have answered me...
Zephir... I'm getting old... I'll be a corpse once you have answered me...
This is not chat and I'm not answering machine.
You can discuss the other problems in another topics, or not?
After all, we are OT here with the debate about monopoles.
Magnetic domain is group of entangled atoms, sharing their magnetic momentum. I do believe, the magnetic monopoles cannot exist as a single particle, rather like aggregate of more particles with magnetic momentum compensated in one direction. Something like sort of magnetic plasma streaks, attached to the stellar surface or classical magnets, attached by corresponding poles towards each of other. A highly energetic and metastable arrangement, indeed..
QUOTE (bukh+Sep 10 2007, 01:32 PM)
it would seem that the difference is in the "pixel size" of the two presentations.
The pixel screen model is toy model. I recommend you to study the quantum rotator formalism to understand better, how the quantum wave is made. The quantum wave is the composite of high number of surface waves.
The pixel screen model is toy model. I recommend you to study the quantum rotator formalism to understand better, how the quantum wave is made. The quantum wave is the composite of high number of surface waves.
Well, that is correct. There needs to be [atleast] two magnetic monopoles... So with that aside, what was your question again? [Keep it simple]... I'm not sure what you meant by a ''unipole > ''
''
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 02:04 PM)
...I'm not sure what you meant by a ''unipole''
This is an example of the practical realization of unipolar magnetic domain. It behaves like the source electrostatic charge in certain extent.
This is an example of the practical realization of unipolar magnetic domain. It behaves like the source electrostatic charge in certain extent.
Zephir... I'm getting old... I'll be a corpse once you have answered me...
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 02:24 PM)
Zephir... I'm getting old... I'll be a corpse once you have answered me... This is not chat and I'm not answering machine.
You can discuss the other problems in another topics, or not?
After all, we are OT here with the debate about monopoles.
Typical... 
I make a witty ritort when you come right in!
Ok... So you are talking simply of a magnetic monopole... Because a magnetic monopole, from your lovely picture discribes exactly a monopole curving into itself... So let's move on... Whats the boson connection in your picture?
I make a witty ritort when you come right in!Ok... So you are talking simply of a magnetic monopole... Because a magnetic monopole, from your lovely picture discribes exactly a monopole curving into itself... So let's move on... Whats the boson connection in your picture?
QUOTE (NeoNo.1+Sep 10 2007, 02:28 PM)
Whats the boson connection in your picture?
Why do you expect some boson connection in my picture? Whether the magnetic monopoles are supposed to be bosons?
Why do you expect some boson connection in my picture? Whether the magnetic monopoles are supposed to be bosons?
Well, i thought that was the whole idea, because you qouted me from saying that the magnetic monopole is like the exchange of bosons... which is true, its just that i thought you where elaborating on the subject... By the by... I sent you a message... did you get it?
Hello? I know i have free time today, but if you are going to get into a conversation, at least hold up to it...
Since you have abandoned our chats, here is some refreshment on the forces and their mediators, and i hope it helps your horizons other than the Aether Wave Theory...??????????
A force which can hold a nucleus together against the enormous forces of repulsion of the protons is strong indeed. However, it is not an inverse square force like the electromagnetic force and it has a very short range. Yukawa modeled the strong force as an exchange force in which the exchange particles are pions and other heavier particles. The range of a particle exchange force is limited by the uncertainty principle. It is the strongest of the four fundamental forces
Since the protons and neutrons which make up the nucleus are themselves considered to be made up of quarks, and the quarks are considered to be held together by the color force, the strong force between nucleons may be considered to be a residual color force. In the standard model, therefore, the basic exchange particle is the gluon which mediates the forces between quarks. Since the individual gluons and quarks are contained within the proton or neutron, the masses attributed to them cannot be used in the range relationship to predict the range of the force. When something is viewed as emerging from a proton or neutron, then it must be at least a quark-antiquark pair, so it is then plausible that the pion as the lightest meson should serve as a predictor of the maximum range of the strong force between nucleons.
One of the four fundamental forces, the electromagnetic force manifests itself through the forces between charges (Coulomb's Law) and the magnetic force, both of which are summarized in the Lorentz force law. Fundamentally, both magnetic and electric forces are manifestations of an exchange force involving the exchange of photons . The quantum approach to the electromagnetic force is called quantum electrodynamics or QED. The electromagnetic force is a force of infinite range which obeys the inverse square law, and is of the same form as the gravity force.
The electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together. In fact, the forces of electric attraction and repulsion of electric charges are so dominant over the other three fundamental forces that they can be considered to be negligible as determiners of atomic and molecular structure. Even magnetic effects are usually apparent only at high resolutions, and as small corrections.
Whilst the photon mediates the electromagnetic force, there is the introduction of quantization of the magnetic force called the magnetic monopole... You know, the quantization we just covered... There need to be for any mediation one positive monopole and one negative monopole.
One of the four fundamental forces, the weak interaction involves the exchange of the intermediate vector bosons, the W and the Z. Since the mass of these particles is on the order of 80 GeV, the uncertainty principle dictates a range of about 10-18 meters which is about 0.1% of the diameter of a proton.
The weak interaction changes one flavor of quark into another. It is crucial to the structure of the universe in that
1. The sun would not burn without it since the weak interaction causes the transmutation p -> n so that deuterium can form and deuterium fusion can take place.
2. It is necessary for the buildup of heavy nuclei.
The role of the weak force in the transmutation of quarks makes it the interaction involved in many decays of nuclear particles which require a change of a quark from one flavor to another. It was in radioactive decay such as beta decay that the existence of the weak interaction was first revealed. The weak interaction is the only process in which a quark can change to another quark, or a lepton to another lepton - the so-called "flavor changes".
The discovery of the W and Z particles in 1983 was hailed as a confirmation of the theories which connect the weak force to the electromagnetic force in electroweak unification.
The weak interaction acts between both quarks and leptons, whereas the strong force does not act between leptons. Leptons have no color, so they do not participate in the strong interactions; neutrinos have no charge, so they .
A force which can hold a nucleus together against the enormous forces of repulsion of the protons is strong indeed. However, it is not an inverse square force like the electromagnetic force and it has a very short range. Yukawa modeled the strong force as an exchange force in which the exchange particles are pions and other heavier particles. The range of a particle exchange force is limited by the uncertainty principle. It is the strongest of the four fundamental forces
Since the protons and neutrons which make up the nucleus are themselves considered to be made up of quarks, and the quarks are considered to be held together by the color force, the strong force between nucleons may be considered to be a residual color force. In the standard model, therefore, the basic exchange particle is the gluon which mediates the forces between quarks. Since the individual gluons and quarks are contained within the proton or neutron, the masses attributed to them cannot be used in the range relationship to predict the range of the force. When something is viewed as emerging from a proton or neutron, then it must be at least a quark-antiquark pair, so it is then plausible that the pion as the lightest meson should serve as a predictor of the maximum range of the strong force between nucleons.
One of the four fundamental forces, the electromagnetic force manifests itself through the forces between charges (Coulomb's Law) and the magnetic force, both of which are summarized in the Lorentz force law. Fundamentally, both magnetic and electric forces are manifestations of an exchange force involving the exchange of photons . The quantum approach to the electromagnetic force is called quantum electrodynamics or QED. The electromagnetic force is a force of infinite range which obeys the inverse square law, and is of the same form as the gravity force.
The electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together. In fact, the forces of electric attraction and repulsion of electric charges are so dominant over the other three fundamental forces that they can be considered to be negligible as determiners of atomic and molecular structure. Even magnetic effects are usually apparent only at high resolutions, and as small corrections.
Whilst the photon mediates the electromagnetic force, there is the introduction of quantization of the magnetic force called the magnetic monopole... You know, the quantization we just covered... There need to be for any mediation one positive monopole and one negative monopole.
One of the four fundamental forces, the weak interaction involves the exchange of the intermediate vector bosons, the W and the Z. Since the mass of these particles is on the order of 80 GeV, the uncertainty principle dictates a range of about 10-18 meters which is about 0.1% of the diameter of a proton.
The weak interaction changes one flavor of quark into another. It is crucial to the structure of the universe in that
1. The sun would not burn without it since the weak interaction causes the transmutation p -> n so that deuterium can form and deuterium fusion can take place.
2. It is necessary for the buildup of heavy nuclei.
The role of the weak force in the transmutation of quarks makes it the interaction involved in many decays of nuclear particles which require a change of a quark from one flavor to another. It was in radioactive decay such as beta decay that the existence of the weak interaction was first revealed. The weak interaction is the only process in which a quark can change to another quark, or a lepton to another lepton - the so-called "flavor changes".
The discovery of the W and Z particles in 1983 was hailed as a confirmation of the theories which connect the weak force to the electromagnetic force in electroweak unification.
The weak interaction acts between both quarks and leptons, whereas the strong force does not act between leptons. Leptons have no color, so they do not participate in the strong interactions; neutrinos have no charge, so they .
Physical constants need an universal medium where they are writen. A background structure has to create a proper bosons and fermions.
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