Upon considering the phenomena of the aberration of the stars I am disposed to believe, that the luminiferous ether pervades the substance of all material bodies with little or no resistance, as freely perhaps as the wind passes through a grove of trees
1810,1815 - Arago and Frensel develop the "Frensel" ether to modify the Young theory to make it impossible to detect the motion of the Earth through the ether by refractive techniques.
1821 - Faraday invents the homopolar generator
1831, 1845 - Cauchy, then Stokes, proposed the "Dragged" ether hypothesis, because the super-rigid, immobile ether of Young seems unlike anything in physics. It also does away with the "Frensel coefficient"
1851 - Fizeau raises a serious objection to the Cauchy-Stokes ether model, as the "Frensel coefficient" is required to drag the ether, and the air has "Frensel coefficient" = 1
1864 - Maxwell's Equations Presented to the Royal Society -- predicts light is electromagnetism
1871 - Airy shows that a telescope filled with water does not change the measured angle of aberration, another nail in the coffin of dragged ether
Early 1870s - demonstrates dispersion, which means that Fresnel’s simple model transparent bodies would have to drag along different amounts of ether for different colors of light. Skepticism of a literal ether grows.
1881 - Michelson-Morley experiment to detect the luminiferous ether -- Michelson interprets his null results as evidence for a dragged ether.
1886 - Michelson-Morley repeat Fizeau and come to the conclusion of an immobile ether. (Logic Point! if A is B and A is !B, then something is rotten in Denmark.)
1887 - The Michelson-Morley repeat of the 1881 result. Still no evidence of the Earth's motion through ether.
1887 - Hertz confirms Maxwell's theory about light being electromagnetic waves, and dragged ether hypothesis is in trouble.
1889 - FitzGerald proposes equations for length contraction to solve the inexplicable null result of 1881
1891 - Lorentz explains Frensel's coefficient "In Lorentz’s account, it is the waves
that are partially dragged by the medium and not the ether."
1892 - Lorentz proposes same solution as FitzGerald -- with no mechanics to it other than to salvage the Maxwell's Equations - Neither FitzGerald nor Lorentz propose how the ether could have such an exact property and why.
1904 - Lorentz discovers that Length Contraction would seem to go hand in hand with Time Dilation
1905 - Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect shows that photons have both particle-like and wave-like properties
1905 - Einstein proposes the physics background of Special Relativity
1908 - Special Relativity proven mathematically self-consistent, Minkowski space is born.
1932 - Kennedy and Thorndike improve on Michelson-Morley by using a different angle than 90-degrees so that length-contraction could be factored out, and one arm much shorter than the other.
Extracted from
19th Century Ether Theory. (Including many references to the actual papers.)
What are the properties of the "ether"But all of ether theory is based on electromagnetism, as there are only 2 types of transverse waves a solid medium can propagate. How does the time dilation of the non-electromagnetic decay of the muon get explained in any type of ether theory?
Why is c appearantly a limited velocity for neutrinos which are nearly massless. and have no EM interactions?
What is the substance of the ether that it supports no longitudinal waves?
What is the basis for length contraction?
Why is the vacuum dispersionless?
Other than carrying EM waves and causing length contraction, what are the properties of the ether?
Why is the ether unlike any other material? Even Dark matter has density variations.
What possible reason could an ether serve other to satisfy a metaphysical desire for a mechanical mechanism for EM phenomena, and how can this desire be assuaged when there is no model for the required behavior of the (Lorentzian) ether?
http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtop...ndpost&p=121832QUOTE (rpenner+Sep 7 2006, 11:17 PM)
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, too, believed in an aether and in Galilean relativity. His 1892 paper "De relatieve beweging van de aarde en den aether." ("The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Ether.") proposed an explanation for why the Michelson-Morley experiment had failed to detect ether drift, following the identical proposal of George Francis FitzGerald in 1889.
But is it easy to understand? It clearly is a numerical effect that fits with the null result, but how does it arise? If it arises from relative motion to the immobile aether, then it must be caused by the aether, but the aether's only previously known property is as a medium of electromagnetism, so why would length contraction apply to points in space with neutral particles at them? It is not a material contraction, such as those that arise from different temperatures, but a disagreement of observers in relative motion about the length of an object. If it were electromagnetic, then it shouldn't necessarily have the same effect on the weak force, or the strong force, or gravity -- each of these could have a different media -- a gravitoferous aether, a chromoferous aether, etc. Indeed how could one medium support all these qualitatively different action-at-distances. Experiment shows that the effect of time-dilation/length-contraction applies equally well to the weak decay of the muon as the electromagnetic decay of the pion. Why?
According to
http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/dept/einstein/reid.htmlThe Kennedy-Thorndike experiment and the results of Unipolar induction, using moving magnet are incompatible with stationary aether,
Lorentz contraction
What is the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment?R.J. Kennedy and E.M. Thorndike, "Experimental Establishment of the Relativity of Time",
Phys. Rev. 42 400-418 (1932).
This uses an interferometer similar to Michelson's, except that its arms are of different length, and are not at right angles to each other. They used a spectacular technique to keep the apparatus temperature constant to 0.001° C, which gave them sufficient stability to permit observations during several seasons. They also used photographs of their fringes (rather than observing them in real time as in most other interferometer experiments). Their apparatus was fixed to the earth and could only rotate with it. Their null result is consistent with SR.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932PhRv...42..400Khttp://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v64/i15/p1697_1What are the results of Unipolar induction, using moving magnet ?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopolar_generatorQUOTE
Faraday's law does not apply to this machine.
Instead, the Lorentz force law is used to explain the machine's behaviour. This law, discovered thirty years after Faraday's death, states that the force on an electron is proportional to the cross product of its velocity and the magnetic flux vector. In geometrical terms, this means that the force is at right-angles to both the velocity (azimuthal) and the magnetic flux (axial), which is therefore in a radial direction. The radial movement of the electron then creates an electric current between the centre of the disc and its rim.
There is a subtle difficulty in this explanation, which often leads to a misunderstanding of how the machine works. The key word in the preceding paragraph is velocity, which prompts the question, "velocity relative to what?". If the velocity relative to the magnet is assumed as the cause of the Lorentz force, then the explanation contradicts special relativity, which states that it is impossible to tell whether a uniform magnetic field is moving or stationary. This assumption would also imply that rotating the magnet and not the disc would cause a current to flow, which is not what experimenters have found.
The correct interpretation of the velocity of the electron is that it is relative to the static parts of the machine, which are the sliding contacts and the circuit to which they are connected. In the language of special relativity, these objects act as the 'observer'. It is the velocity of the electron relative to these components that causes it to experience the Lorentz force.
http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/outreach...218unipolar.pdf
Zephir
13th September 2006 - 04:18 AM
QUOTE (rpenner+Sep 12 2006, 01:57 AM)
..regarding your 8:53 PM post of today, please take correction. Many of your dates are unsupported...
Well, I've used just a two dates, but it's true the 1867 was last year of Maxwell's life, the first set of his equation was published in 1864, but many corrections were published later. I'll consider the 1864, instead for the future... Concerning the 1895 date, please consider
this source, for example:
It had already been conjectured by George Fitzgerald in 1894 and independently by Lorentz 1895 that the Michelson-Morley result could be accounted for if moving bodies were contracted in the direction of their motion. Some of the paper's core equations, the Lorentz transforms, had been published by Joseph Larmor (1897, 1900), Hendrik Lorentz (1899, 1903, 1904) and Henri Poincaré (1905), in a development of Lorentz's 1904 paper. Einstein revealed underlying reasons for this geometrical oddity, which differed from the explanations given by FitzGerald, Larmor and Lorentz, but similar in many respects to the reasons given by Poincaré (1905).QUOTE
... all of ether theory is based on electromagnetism, as there are only 2 types of transverse waves a solid medium can propagate. How does the time dilation of the non-electromagnetic decay of the muon get explained in any type of ether theory?
The Maxwell's mechanical theory is based on the transversal wave spreading and it requires the light speed invariance to work as well. So if you're looking for working aether theory, which is using the c=const. So you should consider the Maxwell's model at first.
QUOTE (->
| QUOTE |
| ... all of ether theory is based on electromagnetism, as there are only 2 types of transverse waves a solid medium can propagate. How does the time dilation of the non-electromagnetic decay of the muon get explained in any type of ether theory? |
The Maxwell's mechanical theory is based on the transversal wave spreading and it requires the light speed invariance to work as well. So if you're looking for working aether theory, which is using the c=const. So you should consider the Maxwell's model at first.
... Why is c apparently a limited velocity for neutrinos which are nearly massless. and have no EM interactions?
Because the neutrinos are formed by standing waves of Aether like all the other particles, just smaller bubble generation, if we consider the recursive Aether foam model (i.e. the foam formed by foam in nested phase transforms).
QUOTE
... What is the substance of the ether that it supports no longitudinal waves?
Please consider, the modern Aether theory, like the
AWT doesn't excludes the longitudinal waves, it just explain, why the energy portion would be insignificant with respect of transversal waves. The same situation is valid on water surface or in dense foam.
QUOTE (->
| QUOTE |
| ... What is the substance of the ether that it supports no longitudinal waves? |
Please consider, the modern Aether theory, like the
AWT doesn't excludes the longitudinal waves, it just explain, why the energy portion would be insignificant with respect of transversal waves. The same situation is valid on water surface or in dense foam.
... What is the basis for length contraction?
The deBroglie wave, which is similar to the wave formed above the fish, swimming near water surface.

QUOTE
... Why is the vacuum dispersionless?...
Because the foam formed by foam recursively behaves like meta-material, i.e. the composite with autofocusation effect. At the higher energy densities a normal dispersion occurs into particles, after all (so called materialization of gamma ray).
QUOTE (->
| QUOTE |
| ... Why is the vacuum dispersionless?... |
Because the foam formed by foam recursively behaves like meta-material, i.e. the composite with autofocusation effect. At the higher energy densities a normal dispersion occurs into particles, after all (so called materialization of gamma ray).
... Other than carrying EM waves and causing length contraction, what are the properties of the ether?...
I've no reason not to consider, the other interaction would behave by the same way, like the light, for example at higher gravitational gradients inside quark stars and black holes, where the gluons and W/Z bosons would behave like common "long distance" interactions.
QUOTE
...Why is the ether unlike any other material? Even Dark matter has density variations....
The Aether behaves fundamentally like quite normal matter - the only difference is, we are formed by it, too...
QUOTE (->
| QUOTE |
| ...Why is the ether unlike any other material? Even Dark matter has density variations.... |
The Aether behaves fundamentally like quite normal matter - the only difference is, we are formed by it, too...
...What possible reason could an ether serve other to satisfy a metaphysical desire for a mechanical mechanism for EM phenomena, and how can this desire be assuaged when there is no model for the required behavior of the (Lorentzian) ether?..
Because such concept enables to introduce the mass-energy theorem E=mc^2 into field theory in quite deep level, thus simplifying the understanding of reality on the base of real life experience. It enables to derive the behavior of space-time just on the base of trivial wave equation

, which would be a truly wonderful thing (if confirmed, of course).
rpenner
13th September 2006 - 04:59 AM
But I have:
“De relatieve beweging van de aarde en den aether.” H.A. Lorentz,
Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. Wis- en Natuurkundige Afdeeling. Verslagen der Zittingen 1 (1892–93): 74–79. Reprinted in translation: “The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Ether.” In: Collected Papers (P. Zeeman and A. D. Fokker, eds.), Vol. 4. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1937. Pp. 219–223
And
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_FitzGeraldQUOTE (Wikipedia+)
However, he is better known for his conjecture in 1889 that if all moving objects were foreshortened in the direction of their motion, it would account for the curious result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. FitzGerald based this idea in part on the way electromagnetic forces were known to be affected by motion; in particular, he drew on equations that had been derived a short time before by his friend Oliver Heaviside. The Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz hit on a very similar idea in 1892 and developed it more fully the in connection with his theory of electrons. The so-called Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction hypothesis later became an important part of Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, published in 1905.
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00...0/Michelson.pdfQUOTE (Harvey R Brown+2003)
The conundrum of the MM null-result was surely in the back of FitzGerald’s mind when he made an intriguing suggestion in a letter to Heaviside in January 1889. The suggestion was simply that a Heaviside distortion might be applied “to a theory of the forces between molecules” of a rigid body. *3*
FitzGerald had no more reason than anyone else to believe in 1889 that these intermolecular forces were electromagnetic in origin. No one knew. But if these forces too were rendered anisotropic by the mere motion of the molecules, which FitzGerald regarded as plausible in the light of Heaviside’s work, then the shape of a rigid body would be altered as a consequence of the motion. This line of reasoning was briefly spelt out, but with no explicit reference to Heaviside’s work, in a note [9] that FitzGerald published later in the year in the American journal Science *4*
3 To my knowledge, the first historian to call attention to this letter was B. Hunt [8].
4 See FitzGerald [9]. The note is reprinted in Brush [10] and most of it in Bell [11].
B. J. Hunt (1988), ‘The Origins of the FitzGerald Contraction’,
British Journal for the History of Science 21, 61–76.
G. F. FitzGerald (1889), ‘The Ether and the Earth’s Atmosphere’,
Science 13, 390.
S. G. Brush (1967), ‘Note on the History of the FitzGerald-Lorentz Contraction’,
Isis 58, 230–232.
J. S. Bell (1992), ‘George Francis FitzGerald’, 1989 lecture, abridged by Denis Weare in
Physics World 5, 31–35.
It's possible that some people have confused the date of the English translation of Lorentz with the actual publication of Lorentz. Or perhaps this much longer work is getting false priority:
Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1895). Versuch einer Theorie der electrischen und optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Körpern. Leiden: Brill. Reprinted in Lorentz 1934–39, Vol. 5, pp. 1–138. Page references are to this reprint.
Edit: Confirmed:
http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/litserv/dis...ss/Chapter3