http://www.physorg.com/news11374.html
Perhaps a superconductor works not by electrons moving, as in a normal conductor, but by an energy wave passing from one molecule to another.Imagine a row of steel balls, touching each other,on a slight incline.An impact on the first ball is passed to the last without moving the intermediate balls.
Could this be how electrons can appear to "circulate" without actually moving.
No motion,no friction, no resistance.
Gaps between the balls would create losses, like the gaps in the grain boundary(GB)mentioned above.The higher pressure applied to the balls, the greater the efficiency of energy transfer.
Or perhaps my theory is full of holes(which, by the way, move in the opposite direction of electrons).
The components of electrons and the electrons themselves are types of energy waves.
Zuhoch: That's pretty much how normal current works. Superconductivity is currently thought to be a process involving quantum entanglement (two electrons become entangled allowing them to pass through the material with no resistance). The problem is that a certain type of crystal lattice is required for this, and it is difficult to make one that is that stable at room temperature.
Also, the article seems to be inaccurate, as the named material (YBCO) acts as a superconductor at liquid nitrogen temperatures (-78 C), well above the stated -180 C required at room temperature.
If not, then I deserve a Nobel prize because I made one yesterday. Floated a magnet and everything.
Also, the article seems to be inaccurate, as the named material (YBCO) acts as a superconductor at liquid nitrogen temperatures (-78 C), well above the stated -180 C required at room temperature.
If not, then I deserve a Nobel prize because I made one yesterday. Floated a magnet and everything.
Hello all
Has anyone run across any info on superconductivity (electron pair quantum entanglement) in vacuum tubes? I think this would be a good way to test superconductivity theories. The only problem I see is cooling the electrons down to the required temperature (maybe lasers?).
Has anyone run across any info on superconductivity (electron pair quantum entanglement) in vacuum tubes? I think this would be a good way to test superconductivity theories. The only problem I see is cooling the electrons down to the required temperature (maybe lasers?).
you can make cold electrons all day dragging your feet on the floor. i'm pretty sure cold electrons are called static.
cooling with lasers works best with whole atoms
cooling with lasers works best with whole atoms
If we look at the superconductor ceramic of the article, composed of Y, Ba, Cu, O, the oxygen exists as O-2 and ends with filled 2P orbitals. The Cu exists as Cu+1 and ends with filled 3D orbitals. The Y exists as Y+3 and ends with filled 4p orbitals. While the Ba exists as Ba+2 and ends with filled 5p orbitals.
The copper is one of the problems. We need a cation that ends in filled 3P orbitals to complete the set. That could Ca+2, which ends in filled 3P orbitals.
The P orbitals are unique in that they define x, y, z orbital lobes that are in perfect proportions. This allows the magnetic force, the charge force and the current to add perfectly in 3-D, i.e., right hand rule. The cold and pressure helps overlap the P orbitals in volume space. Copper uses D-orbitals as its outer electrons. These orbitals do not allow the same perfect 3-D addition of EM and current as 3P orbitals. They are slightly imperfect. Calcium should increase the temperature of the superconducting ceramic.
The copper is one of the problems. We need a cation that ends in filled 3P orbitals to complete the set. That could Ca+2, which ends in filled 3P orbitals.
The P orbitals are unique in that they define x, y, z orbital lobes that are in perfect proportions. This allows the magnetic force, the charge force and the current to add perfectly in 3-D, i.e., right hand rule. The cold and pressure helps overlap the P orbitals in volume space. Copper uses D-orbitals as its outer electrons. These orbitals do not allow the same perfect 3-D addition of EM and current as 3P orbitals. They are slightly imperfect. Calcium should increase the temperature of the superconducting ceramic.
When I thought about my analysis, I would probably change one thing. instead of calcium maybe potassium may be a better choice. Potassium will also end up with filled 3P orbitals but will have charge K+1. This will give us, O-2, K+1, Ba+2, and Y+3 all ending in increasing period P orbitals.
P-orbitals, they look like symmteric equal lobes positioned + and - along the x,y,z axis. This implies that the magnetic field direction in one lobe will always run parallel to the charge field and current direction, respectively, in the other two lobes. When these overlap in a superconductor volume, current can make us of the integrated charge and magnetic addition within the orbitals, flowing without resistance.
The D-orbitals of Cu are not symetrical in 3-D. It has a couple of planar donuts shapes among the lobes that do not allow integrated symmetry for charge, magnetism and current. There is some nonperpendicalar 3-D subtraction going on.
The lack of oxygen at crystal boundries, creates a break in the p-orbital overlap. This requires a potential to bridge the gap unless extra pressure or colder temperautre is added to minimize the resistance. The potassium should compensate for the Cu, allowing higher temperature for the same resistance. Better crystals need to be grown to make fewer crystal boundries. The small potassium cation should help there.
P-orbitals, they look like symmteric equal lobes positioned + and - along the x,y,z axis. This implies that the magnetic field direction in one lobe will always run parallel to the charge field and current direction, respectively, in the other two lobes. When these overlap in a superconductor volume, current can make us of the integrated charge and magnetic addition within the orbitals, flowing without resistance.
The D-orbitals of Cu are not symetrical in 3-D. It has a couple of planar donuts shapes among the lobes that do not allow integrated symmetry for charge, magnetism and current. There is some nonperpendicalar 3-D subtraction going on.
The lack of oxygen at crystal boundries, creates a break in the p-orbital overlap. This requires a potential to bridge the gap unless extra pressure or colder temperautre is added to minimize the resistance. The potassium should compensate for the Cu, allowing higher temperature for the same resistance. Better crystals need to be grown to make fewer crystal boundries. The small potassium cation should help there.
QUOTE (DR Zuhoch+Mar 3 2006, 01:24 AM)
http://www.physorg.com/news11374.html
Perhaps a superconductor works not by electrons moving, as in a normal conductor, but by an energy wave passing from one molecule to another.Imagine a row of steel balls, touching each other,on a slight incline.An impact on the first ball is passed to the last without moving the intermediate balls.
Could this be how electrons can appear to "circulate" without actually moving.
No motion,no friction, no resistance.
Gaps between the balls would create losses, like the gaps in the grain boundary(GB)mentioned above.The higher pressure applied to the balls, the greater the efficiency of energy transfer.
Or perhaps my theory is full of holes(which, by the way, move in the opposite direction of electrons).
If the intermediate electrons only circulate but not having a net movement then there would'nt be a magnetic field generated say ie round a superconducting wire.
In fact we wouldnt have a dc current at all, only high frequency ac.
Unless you are suggesting that somehow energy flowing in a constant direction can generate a magnetic field? did I spot a hole?
Perhaps a superconductor works not by electrons moving, as in a normal conductor, but by an energy wave passing from one molecule to another.Imagine a row of steel balls, touching each other,on a slight incline.An impact on the first ball is passed to the last without moving the intermediate balls.
Could this be how electrons can appear to "circulate" without actually moving.
No motion,no friction, no resistance.
Gaps between the balls would create losses, like the gaps in the grain boundary(GB)mentioned above.The higher pressure applied to the balls, the greater the efficiency of energy transfer.
Or perhaps my theory is full of holes(which, by the way, move in the opposite direction of electrons).
If the intermediate electrons only circulate but not having a net movement then there would'nt be a magnetic field generated say ie round a superconducting wire.
In fact we wouldnt have a dc current at all, only high frequency ac.
Unless you are suggesting that somehow energy flowing in a constant direction can generate a magnetic field? did I spot a hole?
None of the theories on superconduction based on Bose-Einstein condensation can model the conditions that have to prevail when a superconducting current flows through a material. A current must flow without an electric field being present. An absence of scattering of the charge carriers does not ensure the absence of an electric field, or else the electrons in a vacuum diode would have been a superconducting phase; which they are NOT. This is so because they reach the contact towards which they are flowing with a velocity v; i.e. they have kinetic energy so that they scatter within the contact.
So what is the essential behaviour required to have a superconductor?
1. IT MUST TRANSPORT A CURRENT WHILE AT THE SAME TIME ACTING AS A PERFECT DIELECTRIC.
2. THE CHARGE CARRIERS MUST BE ABLE TO INCREASE THEIR VELOCITY (IN ORDER TO TRANSPORT THE CURRENT) WITHOUT INCREASING THEIR KINETIC ENERGY.
To satisfy the first condition, the charge carriers must form part of a dielectric array of centres; i.e. when no current is flowing they are anchored by opposite charges at specific lattice positions. An external electric field will polarise the charge carriers relative to their opposite charges so that they cancel the electric field. In metals this is achieved by the formation of a Wigner crystal. In CuO ceramics "orbitals" akin to covalent bonds form between the crystallographic layers. Phonon-coupling of electrons does not play any role in both these cases.
To sastify the second condition, the charge carriers have to tunnel from site to site; i.e. each carrier borrows energy to free itself from the point at which it is anchored and to move with a velocity v until it reaches the next anchor point. Because the energy has been borrowed, the velocity does not manifest as an increases in kinetic energy.
The array of charge carriers is thus NOT a Bose-Einstein condensate. Neither do the charge carriers have to be bosons. In p-type semiconducting diamond the charge carriers are single holes; i.e. fermions.
Using these principles, all types of superconduction can be modelled with THE SAME mechanism. I have submitted a paper on this and am awaiting the decision of the reviewers. It might be rejected because reviewers have become priests which, like in the time of Galileo, rather protect the status quo than to allow any new ideas to be published. Therefore, this model is also discussed in a book on superconduction, which is available at www.cathodixx.com
So what is the essential behaviour required to have a superconductor?
1. IT MUST TRANSPORT A CURRENT WHILE AT THE SAME TIME ACTING AS A PERFECT DIELECTRIC.
2. THE CHARGE CARRIERS MUST BE ABLE TO INCREASE THEIR VELOCITY (IN ORDER TO TRANSPORT THE CURRENT) WITHOUT INCREASING THEIR KINETIC ENERGY.
To satisfy the first condition, the charge carriers must form part of a dielectric array of centres; i.e. when no current is flowing they are anchored by opposite charges at specific lattice positions. An external electric field will polarise the charge carriers relative to their opposite charges so that they cancel the electric field. In metals this is achieved by the formation of a Wigner crystal. In CuO ceramics "orbitals" akin to covalent bonds form between the crystallographic layers. Phonon-coupling of electrons does not play any role in both these cases.
To sastify the second condition, the charge carriers have to tunnel from site to site; i.e. each carrier borrows energy to free itself from the point at which it is anchored and to move with a velocity v until it reaches the next anchor point. Because the energy has been borrowed, the velocity does not manifest as an increases in kinetic energy.
The array of charge carriers is thus NOT a Bose-Einstein condensate. Neither do the charge carriers have to be bosons. In p-type semiconducting diamond the charge carriers are single holes; i.e. fermions.
Using these principles, all types of superconduction can be modelled with THE SAME mechanism. I have submitted a paper on this and am awaiting the decision of the reviewers. It might be rejected because reviewers have become priests which, like in the time of Galileo, rather protect the status quo than to allow any new ideas to be published. Therefore, this model is also discussed in a book on superconduction, which is available at www.cathodixx.com
QUOTE (kcire+Mar 8 2006, 10:18 PM)
[/QUOTE]
Quote
"If the intermediate electrons only circulate but not having a net movement then there would'nt be a magnetic field generated say ie round a superconducting wire.
In fact we wouldnt have a dc current at all, only high frequency ac.
Unless you are suggesting that somehow energy flowing in a constant direction can generate a magnetic field? did I spot a hole?"
A superconductor, by definition, excludes a magnetic field, does it not?
Assume a circle of atoms with no gaps, like a doughnut.The propogation of the energy wave around the circle would be in only one direction.Electrons have a wave property as well as a paricle property.
Imagine a wave of energy moving thru water.The water rises up as the energy passes, but the water particles remain virtually stationary.
As for alternating polarity, where does that come from in my theory?
Quote
"If the intermediate electrons only circulate but not having a net movement then there would'nt be a magnetic field generated say ie round a superconducting wire.
In fact we wouldnt have a dc current at all, only high frequency ac.
Unless you are suggesting that somehow energy flowing in a constant direction can generate a magnetic field? did I spot a hole?"
A superconductor, by definition, excludes a magnetic field, does it not?
Assume a circle of atoms with no gaps, like a doughnut.The propogation of the energy wave around the circle would be in only one direction.Electrons have a wave property as well as a paricle property.
Imagine a wave of energy moving thru water.The water rises up as the energy passes, but the water particles remain virtually stationary.
As for alternating polarity, where does that come from in my theory?
QUOTE (Montec+Mar 3 2006, 08:23 PM)
Hello all
Has anyone run across any info on superconductivity (electron pair quantum entanglement) in vacuum tubes? I think this would be a good way to test superconductivity theories. The only problem I see is cooling the electrons down to the required temperature (maybe lasers?).
Very perceptive question. In fact one can generate a superconducting phase consisting entirely of electrons between a cathode and an anode without any cooling; i.e. it manifests at room and much higher temperatures (>100 C).
The cathode has to be a negative electron affinity material. The phase forms by extracting electrons from a n-type diamond. A dipole layer forms at the surface of the diamond consisting of a positively-charged depletion layer below the surface of the diamond and electrons outside the surface (which are attracted to the diamond's surface). When increasing the voltage on the anode, the depletion layer ejects more electrons into the external layer of electrons; i.e this layer grows in width in order to balance the increased positive charge in the depletion layer. This occurs until the electron layer reaches the anode. By increasing the voltage further, the electron layer cannot increase its width to balance the charge on the depletion layer anymore, because electrons are now pulled into the anode. A current starts to flow driven by an electric field over that gap with electrons, and the depletion layer. The depletion layer tries to balance the field by injecting more electrons, but instead of increasing the field within the gap this decreases the field. The only way an equilibrium current can manifest (as mandated by the second law of thermodynamics) is when the field over the depletion layer and gap with electrons become identically zero. This means that a current must flow from the cathode to the anode without an electric field being present; this is the classic definition of superconduction. The experiment has been published in Semicond.. Sci. Technol vol. 18 (2003) S131. This experiment has been repeated many times and the mechanism responsible for the formation of this superconducting phase has been found. From this it could be proved that the BCS model cannot explain superconduction: see also www.cathodixx.com
Has anyone run across any info on superconductivity (electron pair quantum entanglement) in vacuum tubes? I think this would be a good way to test superconductivity theories. The only problem I see is cooling the electrons down to the required temperature (maybe lasers?).
Very perceptive question. In fact one can generate a superconducting phase consisting entirely of electrons between a cathode and an anode without any cooling; i.e. it manifests at room and much higher temperatures (>100 C).
The cathode has to be a negative electron affinity material. The phase forms by extracting electrons from a n-type diamond. A dipole layer forms at the surface of the diamond consisting of a positively-charged depletion layer below the surface of the diamond and electrons outside the surface (which are attracted to the diamond's surface). When increasing the voltage on the anode, the depletion layer ejects more electrons into the external layer of electrons; i.e this layer grows in width in order to balance the increased positive charge in the depletion layer. This occurs until the electron layer reaches the anode. By increasing the voltage further, the electron layer cannot increase its width to balance the charge on the depletion layer anymore, because electrons are now pulled into the anode. A current starts to flow driven by an electric field over that gap with electrons, and the depletion layer. The depletion layer tries to balance the field by injecting more electrons, but instead of increasing the field within the gap this decreases the field. The only way an equilibrium current can manifest (as mandated by the second law of thermodynamics) is when the field over the depletion layer and gap with electrons become identically zero. This means that a current must flow from the cathode to the anode without an electric field being present; this is the classic definition of superconduction. The experiment has been published in Semicond.. Sci. Technol vol. 18 (2003) S131. This experiment has been repeated many times and the mechanism responsible for the formation of this superconducting phase has been found. From this it could be proved that the BCS model cannot explain superconduction: see also www.cathodixx.com
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