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Why Not?
This tread is to discuss opinions of, and possible geometries behind, structured spacetime. There is potentially a lot of ground that can be covered so I will start with my “circles”…

When first introduced to the idea of “structured spacetime”, I began to wonder if patterns could be found in geometry that would lead to revelations in physics. So beginning with the idea that spherical propagation would be the simplest to examine, I set out to model spherical propagation on a hexagonically packed lattice of unit spheres. But I soon found that two dimensional modeling was much easier with the tools I had available, AutoCAD, and so I was able to create the following “pictures” with circles instead of spheres…

The Pattern:
User posted image

The Whole Picture:
User posted image

Close Up of the center:
User posted image

Here’s the interesting part… The background is a lattice of hexagonically packed unit circles. The “center” unit circle is arbitrarily selected. From the center circle, circumferential circles are drawn, each two times the unit circle diameter greater than the next. By constructing circumferential circles is such a manner, there are a minimum of six unit circles in each successive hexagonal packing that are internally tangential to the circumferential circle associated with that packing. So, from the center circle (packing q=0) the first packing (q=1) contains six circles that are internally tangential to a circumferential circle that has a radius of three (unit circle has a radius of one). The second packing (q=2) contains six circles that are internally tangential to a circumferential circle that has a radius of five. In the “close up of the center” drawing linked above, you can see that these six unit circles at every packing level are at 0, 1/3pi, 2/3pi, pi, 4/3pi, and 5/3pi (0, 60, 120,180, 240, 300 degrees respectively). Since the centers of these circles form the vertices of the hexagon representative of the associated packing, I have elected not to identify them in any special way.

Here is the really interesting part… Whenever the hexagonally packed level equals a prime number of the form 6n+1, there are 12 additional circles that are internally tangential to the associated concentric circles. In the drawings linked above, these are represented by green shading. Additionally, all multiples of that prime also include 12 additional internally tangential unit circles. These multiple occurrences are represented by magenta shading. For example, at q=7, there are twelve additional internally tangential circles, shaded green and at q=14, 21, 28… the unit circles are shaded magenta. Notice that only when 6n+1 is prime are additional unit circles tangential to the associated concentric circle. So 7, 13, 19, 31… have additional circles but not 25, 49 (except as a multiple of 7), 55, 85… What’s more, when the packing level equals the multiple of two non identical primes greater than 5, there are 36 additional unit circles that are internally tangential to the associated concentric circle. These are represented in the drawing by cyan shading and are shown at 91 and 133. The drawings referenced are taken out to only 144 packing level.

The self similar pattern in each 30 degree segment is obvious when looking at the “pattern” picture. The wave pattern is obvious when looking at the “whole” picture. What I have not been able to discover is why internally tangential unit circles only appear at primes (and multiples thereof) of the form 6n+1. Why does the same effect not appear with primes of the form 6n-1?

Comments, discussion and help with the maths are most welcome.

Mahalo.


P.s. Tracing a curve, beginning at the center and moving clockwise (or anti-clockwise) form one green circle to the next successive green circle but in the next 60 degree segment produces are curve pretty close to an Golden Spiral.


jal
Great!
I'm going to take time to answer.
Hope some other readers have already got contributing inputs in ther files, for you.
Jal
N O M
QUOTE (jal+Sep 7 2007, 07:41 AM)
I'm going to take time to answer.

great... not
jal
Hi Why Not?
It's going to be pretty hard to get any inputs from those who do not have any idea of what we are going to try to do.
Those who believe in something else can start their own discussion somewhere else.
Let's start with definitions.

Isotropy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic
Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.
-----------
Isotropic coordinates
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_coordinates
In the theory of Lorentzian manifolds, spherically symmetric spacetimes admit a family of nested round spheres
-------------
Spherically symmetric spacetime
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherically_symmetric_spacetime
A spherically symmetric spacetime is one whose isometry group contains a subgroup which is isomorphic to the (rotation) group SO(3) and the orbits of this group are 2-dimensional spheres (2-spheres). The isometries are then interpreted as rotations and a spherically symmetric spacetime is often described as one whose metric is "invariant under rotations". The spacetime metric induces a metric on each orbit 2-sphere (and this induced metric must be a multiple of the metric of a 2-sphere).
Spherical symmetry is a characteristic feature of many solutions of Einstein's field equations of general relativity, especially the Schwarzschild solution. A spherically symmetric spacetime can be characterised in another way, namely, by using the notion of Killing vector fields, which, in a very precise sense, preserve the metric.
-----------
Rotation group
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_group
In mechanics and geometry, the rotation group is the group of all rotations about the origin of 3-dimensional Euclidean space R3 under the operation of composition.
By definition, a rotation about the origin is a linear transformation that preserves length of vectors and preserves orientation (i.e. handedness) of space. A length-preserving transformation which reverses orientation is called an improper rotation.
Composing two rotations results in another rotation; every rotation has a unique inverse rotation; and the identity map satisfies the definition of a rotation. Owing to the above properties, the set of all rotations is a group under composition. Moreover, the rotation group has a natural manifold structure for which the group operations are smooth; so it is in fact a Lie group. The rotation group is often denoted SO(3) for reasons explained below.
------------
Spherical harmonics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_harmonics
In mathematics, the spherical harmonics are the angular portion of an orthogonal set of solutions to Laplace's equation represented in a system of spherical coordinates. Spherical harmonics are important in many theoretical and practical applications, particularly in the computation of atomic electron configurations, the representation of the gravitational field, geoid, and magnetic field of planetary bodies, characterization of the cosmic microwave background radiation and recognition of 3D shapes in computer graphics.
--------------
Make sure to read the links for more info....especially Spherical harmonics
jal
jal
Why Not?
I like the different approach
Structured Spacetime
Is there a limiting geometry...
Rather than trying to "see" what there is inside the "particle/wavepacket" focusing on the spacing that they must have.
On a more technical level, it is being addressed by the physic community.
-----------------
http://xxx.lanl.gov/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/9503/9503024v2.pdf
Lectures on (2+1)-Dimensional Gravity
S. Carlip
18 March 1995
-----------
I have a lot of references in my summary that can be usefull to the advanced "seekers".

Getting back to your CAD drawings... If you were to make a drawing using minimum separation length (assuming that planck length is the minimum) what would you end up with?
-----------
In order to get 3d it is necessary to imagine a cube. There are 6 faces .... on each face there is a "particle" (I'm going to use that word for clarity)
In physic they refer to those locations/positions as 6j.
If you round off the corners of your cube you end up with a sphere. (a 2d sphere)
If you flatten the sphere you end up with a 2d surface. (Your CAD drawings.)
If you color the 6 particles and don't color the minimum spacing you should get a pattern that would be interesting. .... keep repeating the 6j. Let's see what comes out....
jal
Wulf
This thread looks promising, I'm anxious to see where this leads.
Why Not?
Hey Jal,

Thanks for the links. I do not have much time at the moment but I was hoping you could clarify what you meant by...
QUOTE (Jal+)
If you color the 6 particles and don't color the minimum spacing you should get a pattern that would be interesting. .... keep repeating the 6j. Let's see what comes out...


It seems to me that you would end up with a radial "line" each 60 degrees from the rest for each additional packing if using unit circles. Otherwise you end up with an infinite progression of seven packed circles within each packed circle of the previous set (going from small to large). I'm not sure what you are after...

Also, did you see this? Quantum Criticality Found in a Simple Liquid
I have not had time to look through their web site, but here is the link if you are interested... The Low Temperature Laboratory, at Royal Holloway, at the University of London

But to get back to my drawing - it's geometry. Any scale can be applied. What I am trying to figure out is if there is any significance to the fact that at only certain packing levels will more than six unit circles perfectly fit inside the associated concentric circle. Why is this? More importantly, Why does it only happen on primes and multiples there of?

More later…

Mahalo


TRoc
Hi all,


WN?, I assume that the circles that you "drew" are arbitrary? I mean, that you did not go out n hexagons, and then consider that the radius.


I would think that some "progression" would be needed, to answer your question about the primes.


To "make a circle", you could (besides the pi example above):


user posted image

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon


or approximate with "spirals":

user posted image

User posted image


[you could look at the "Fibonacci primes", but at the expense of a continuous set of integers]


staying in the same theme, you also have:

QUOTE
Starting with 5, every other Fibonacci number is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with integer sides, or in other words, the largest number in a Pythagorean triple. The length of the longer leg of this triangle is equal to the sum of the three sides of the preceding triangle in this series of triangles, and the shorter leg is equal to the difference between the preceding bypassed Fibonacci number and the shorter leg of the preceding triangle.

The first triangle in this series has sides of length 5, 4, and 3. Skipping 8, the next triangle has sides of length 13, 12 (5 + 4 + 3), and 5 (8 − 3). Skipping 21, the next triangle has sides of length 34, 30 (13 + 12 + 5), and 16 (21 − 5). This series continues indefinitely.


User posted image
Scatter plot of the first Pythagorean triples within 4500


User posted image


I think that your best chance is here:

http://www.numberspiral.com/index.html

User posted image


You can download a free program that will chart curves based on your input.

Vortex program

QUOTE (->
QUOTE
Starting with 5, every other Fibonacci number is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with integer sides, or in other words, the largest number in a Pythagorean triple. The length of the longer leg of this triangle is equal to the sum of the three sides of the preceding triangle in this series of triangles, and the shorter leg is equal to the difference between the preceding bypassed Fibonacci number and the shorter leg of the preceding triangle.

The first triangle in this series has sides of length 5, 4, and 3. Skipping 8, the next triangle has sides of length 13, 12 (5 + 4 + 3), and 5 (8 − 3). Skipping 21, the next triangle has sides of length 34, 30 (13 + 12 + 5), and 16 (21 − 5). This series continues indefinitely.


User posted image
Scatter plot of the first Pythagorean triples within 4500


User posted image


I think that your best chance is here:

http://www.numberspiral.com/index.html

User posted image


You can download a free program that will chart curves based on your input.

Vortex program

This is a fairly regular pattern, but if you you hold nature to the same high standards as I do, you may find it a bit worrying that all the numerators are odd. Where are the even ones?
..
Note that all the offsets, whether they belong to curves on the pronic or square side, consist of fractions with a perfect square in the numerator. It is this perfect square in the numerator of the offset which distinguishes a purely composite offset curve from ordinary ones. Also note that every possible square is included. Squares of even numbers are on the square side, and squares of odd numbers are on the pronic side. The system is completely regular.

(from page 4)



regards,

T.Roc
jal
Hi Why Not?
I guess I'm trying to say too much at once.

Put a colored dot/particle at the center of you CAD. The next dot/particle has got to be the diameter of one dot/particle away. So your first dot/particle will have 6 empty/white dots around it. (that is suppose to be the planck length distance.)

Now, place the other five dot/particles on the outside of those empty dot. Each dot/particle must not come any closer than one dot distance from another dot/particle.
Keep repeating the placing of dots/particles.
See what pattern emerges.
We should end up with a lot of things to discuss.
Now, I'll go read those links.
jal
Why Not?
Hey TRoc, Jal, and Wulf,

TRoc, thanks for the lead on number spirals and Vortex. The “problem” is that the number spirals require perfect squares on the “x” axis and assumes a square lattice. But I am going to read through the site in depth tomorrow and see if something triggers some insights in applying it to a hex lattice.

Also, the concentric circles are not arbitrary at all. The radius of each concentric circle is an even integer multiple of the diameter of a unit circle plus one. So a concentric circle with a radius of 3 will define the radius of the first hexagonal packing, r = 5 for the second and so forth. Both the concentric circle and associated hexagon packing progressively increase as integer multiples of the unit circle diameter. I have drawn a similar picture with concentric circle radii of integer multiples without adding one, in which case the concentric circles intersect the center of each circle at the vertex of the hexagon defined by the packing defined by the same radius. In this case, at packing levels that are two times a prime of the form 6n+1 (14, 26, 38) there are an additional 12 unit circles within the hexagonal lattice that also have radii intersected by that concentric circle. In bith cases, the additional unit circles that are interannly tangential (or of the same radius) lay outside the hexagon associated with that radius. The only reason that I choose the first way was that I found it made comparisons of the area of the concentric circle to the additive area of the unit circles contained in the associated packing level easier.

I am not sure why, but clicking on the pictures in the first post doesn’t seem to work to bring up an enlarged view anymore. If you right click and “Save Picture As” you will be able to zoom in and see the necessary detail. I did not draw in the hexagon sides...

Jal, do you mean like this?

User posted image

Looks a bit like the picture in the link included in my last post...

Mahalo
jal
Hi TRoc, Why Not?

Why Not?
Yes, that is the picture.
With this picture you are representing a node/particle with the minimum possible distribution pattern that is allowed by applying the planck scale. You cannot bring anything closer to each other and still have any meaning.

Do you agree?

Remember that this is the 2d pattern that happened when we took a sphere and layed it out on a flat surface.
Now the hard part... we got to bring 6 of those nodes/particles to a sphere. (remember that part about about the cube and 6j)
We got to find a way of taking every one of those full and empty nodes/particles and arrange them into spheres.
Those nodes/particles in the spheres cannot be any closer to each other than what we have just shown. (One planck length)

A visual is worth a 1,000 words. I'm glad that you can manipulate CAD to help with this.
The hard part might need a intermediate step for everyone to follow.
You know how we represent a cube by drawing 6 squares on a flat surface.
Can you superimpose those 6 squares over the nodes/particles?

I'm not talking down to you .... I want to make sure that a 12 year old can follow this discussion.

I'm sure that you are way ahead and realize that we will then go to packing 12 spheres.
You will see that there will be a need to discuss options before that happens.
-----------
TRoc!
QUOTE
think that your best chance is here:

http://www.numberspiral.com/index.html

That was just an awsome original way of demonstrating relations/mathematics.
ohmy.gif
--------
jal


Why Not?
Hey Jal,

QUOTE (jal+)
With this picture you are representing a node/particle with the minimum possible distribution pattern that is allowed by applying the Planck scale. You cannot bring anything closer to each other and still have any meaning.

Do you agree?


Sort of... I am inclined to think that 2pi times 3 times the Planck length is the minimum possible propagation distance required to quantify transmission of information. Or, when bringing objects together, represents the point where it is impossible to distinguish 2 from 1.

User posted image

Since the number assigned to a “unit” is completely arbitrary, the unit circles in my original post can be considered to have a radius of 3Lp. As such, the concentric circles represent propagations through spacetime from the center outward.
DavidD
What is behind planck constant? What is smallest elements of universe? Atoms? No. Electrons? No. Quarks? No. Why there is no gravity explanation? How gravity can be: between big objects, between small particles... But how to explain gravity? How to explain magnetism? This is also is a gravity... What we will se if we will be at scal of planck constant? Do we see then gravity? Waht we will see? Do we see, what is photons of what consist electrons, quarcks and over particles? At what speed interactions going? Why nothing smaller can't be than plank constant? And of what consist all matter in Universe? I have one teory, what all matter in universe consist of small bals, which size is a plank constant size. This balls is Ideal sphere shape. Nothink can't be smaller than this balls. And this balls is bits in Universe language encoding and decoding. This balls is like metallic balls, so don't has any gravitation or electromagnetic property. This balls in all Universe and Cosmos is in infinity amount. There is only one question: what is distance between those balls? Maybe at all no distance between those balls (those balls is infinity near each over)? From where goes energy to compute with those balls? Energy goes from infinity Nature of cosmos (space). Becouse cosmos is infinity in space, those balls can't take only one position and don't move, becouse over balls, from infinity cosmos push those balls and this process is infinity. So those balls never is in the same place, but always move from point to point. If we took one of those balls, if we looking at him, what he will do, and if we nothing do to him, we will see like overs balls pushing this ball in many directions. This one ball can't be deformed. All matter is result of those balls interaction between each over. Photons, quarks, protons and all over matter, particles is just result of computation, interaction of those balls. If you think, what Nature has gravition itself and what one particles consist of over particles, those over particles of over, which explain gravity, when don't you think, what this is a little bit absurd? Becouse then we can go to infinity small particles and never answer to question what is gravition and electromagnetism. This teory can give answer, what is gravitation and electromagnetism. It is interaction between balls, which in some way encode and decode information in what phorm in which we see all world. Like computer working with bits, can give to you such wide amount of information, in this sense working and universe, having only ball (1) and emptiness (0).
Opposite to this teory can be teory about liquid (fluid), which can be divided into infinity many parts.
jal
Hi Why Not?
I want to make sure that we communicate properly and that a 12 year old can follow what we are saying.
I want to clarify your point.
QUOTE
Sort of... I am inclined to think that 2pi times 3 times the Planck length is the minimum possible propagation distance required to quantify transmission of information. Or, when bringing objects together, represents the point where it is impossible to distinguish 2 from 1.

Since we are dealing, at this stage, with a 2d surface we can say circles.
The circumference of a circle is 2pi therefore, when you said "2pi" did you mean a circle?
Are you saying that "the minimum possible propagation distance" requires 3 circles? This would be 3 Planck lengths as represented by the diameters of the circles in the hex pattern.
The second part of your statement, (the point where it is impossible to distinguish 2 from 1), is harder to understand or to "see" in the hex pattern.

QUOTE (->
QUOTE
Sort of... I am inclined to think that 2pi times 3 times the Planck length is the minimum possible propagation distance required to quantify transmission of information. Or, when bringing objects together, represents the point where it is impossible to distinguish 2 from 1.

Since we are dealing, at this stage, with a 2d surface we can say circles.
The circumference of a circle is 2pi therefore, when you said "2pi" did you mean a circle?
Are you saying that "the minimum possible propagation distance" requires 3 circles? This would be 3 Planck lengths as represented by the diameters of the circles in the hex pattern.
The second part of your statement, (the point where it is impossible to distinguish 2 from 1), is harder to understand or to "see" in the hex pattern.

Since the number assigned to a “unit” is completely arbitrary, the unit circles in my original post can be considered to have a radius of 3Lp. As such, the concentric circles represent propagations through spacetime from the center outward.

Hummm-m-mm!
That is moving too fast for me.
If we go back to having the separating distance as one planck length and the diameter as one planck length then this agrees with the drawings.

------------------
We still got to bring this 2d information into a 3d configuration.
Here is what I did with my inferior paint program.
user posted image

There is a problem when trying to go from a hex pattern in 2d to a cubic pattern in 3d.
Here is my First try.....
I don't know if it shows but I flatten a cube over the hex pattern that you drew.
If I was to fold the cube then I would not be able to return to the original pattern of having a node/particle at the center of each face of the cube.
Do you see that the two nodes/particles on the arms of the cross have been split in half?
biggrin.gif heheh you cannot get half of the minimum length. hehehe biggrin.gif

Second try ....
That is what you see on the right side.
I just selected a square with the node/particle at the center and glued them together.
Looks pretty good heheh biggrin.gif
BUT it does not work either ... the problem has been moved from the node/particle to the space (planck distance).
Did you try it?
Do you see the problem?
------------
Hi DavidD
I see you posted while I'm preparing my post so I will answer.

QUOTE
There is only one question: what is distance between those balls? Maybe at all no distance between those balls

You should be able to "see" from the drawing that if you assume a minimum length then your statement is false.
You should try to develop your theory in another thread.
This thread is exploring the possibility of having a minimum length and at this stage the assumption is planck length.
Nothing goes smaller than planck length in this thread. and we will see if there is an emerging structure.
jal
DavidD
QUOTE (jal+Sep 9 2007, 04:16 PM)

------------
Hi DavidD
I see you posted while I'm preparing my post so I will answer.


You should be able to "see" from the drawing that if you assume a minimum length then your statement is false.
You should try to develop your theory in another thread.
This thread is exploring the possibility of having a minimum length and at this stage the assumption is planck length.
Nothing goes smaller than planck length in this thread. and we will see if there is an emerging structure.
jal

But what if this ball is plank lenght? And distance between those balls no exist. Those ball then still can move. And becouse cosmos is infinity and balls moving is analog, in principle one ball can move infinity small amount of lenght...

Also I can add, that friction between those balls not exist, becouse balls is ideal sphere shape. And I don't see why those balls can't move faster than light.
jal
DavidD
I repeat, Go develop that alternative in another thread.
Why Not?
Hey DavidD and Jal,

If we start here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_length

QUOTE (from the link+)
Ignoring a factor of π, the Planck mass is roughly the mass of a black hole with a Schwarzschild radius equal to its Compton wavelength. The radius of such a black hole would be, roughly, the Planck length.

The following thought experiment illuminates this fact. The task is to measure an object's position by bouncing electromagnetic radiation, namely photons, off it. The shorter the wavelength of the photons, and hence the higher their energy, the more accurate the measurement. If the photons are sufficiently energetic to make possible a measurement more precise than a Planck length, their collision with the object would, in principle, create a minuscule black hole. This black hole would "swallow" the photon and thereby make it impossible to obtain a measurement. A simple calculation using dimensional analysis suggests that this problem arises if we attempt to measure an object's position with a precision to within a Planck length.

This thought experiment draws on both general relativity and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. Combined, these two theories imply that it is impossible to measure position to a precision greater than the Planck length, or duration to a precision greater than the time a photon traveling at c would take to travel a Planck length. This suggests that in a theory of quantum gravity combining general relativity and quantum mechanics, traditional notions of space and time may break down at distances shorter than the Planck length or times shorter than the Planck time.


For a more detailed discussion look here: John Baez, "Higher-Dimensional Algebra and Planck-Scale Physics: The Planck Length

Considering the above, what limitations exist to sending information from one Planck mass particle (sphere) to another? First, I am assuming that all of the information contained in a “Planck Mass Black Hole” is spread over its 2D surface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle

The shortest distant around the 2D surface area of the sphere is around the circumference, i.e., a Circle. The length of this circle is 2pi radians, or 2 pi time the Planck length (Lp).

Now, assuming that the energy comes in discreet quanta, E=hf=hc/w, (f=frequency and w=wavelength), a Planck wavelength would be the wavelength associated with the shortest path, also 2pi radians (2piLp). How do we then propagate this energy? Instead of constricting it to the surface of the sphere, we want it to move outward from the surface, in a third spatial dimension. With the 2d surface area, we have no depth. If propagation requires depth, what is the minimum depth required to propagate one Plank wavelength? 2piLp.

A transfer of information then requires three things. A source, a sink, and a carrier. At the minimum, one Plank mass sphere to transmit, an energy with a Planck wavelength to carrier, and a Planck mass to absorb. Spherically, no matter how these three things are lined up, the minimum distance from one end to the other is 3 time 2piLp.

Jal,

Try looking at the HCC instead of the FCC packing…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-packing_of_spheres

jal
Hi Why Not?
I think your link on planck length gave the adequate explanation of why we cannot consider anything smaller than planck length (for this thread.)

I don't know if you are agreeing with me if you do not answer on the points that I have raised.
Do you agree that each node/particle must be separated by one planck unit?
In other words an empty region of one planck length.

I agree with
QUOTE
First, I am assuming that all of the information contained in a “Planck Mass Black Hole” is spread over its 2D surface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle

However, we must make sure to both be saying the same thing when talking about planck size.
Go back and look again on the drawing that you made.
Here is what I did with my inferior paint program.
user posted image
Concentrate on the diameter of the circles as the smallest planck length.
QUOTE (->
QUOTE
First, I am assuming that all of the information contained in a “Planck Mass Black Hole” is spread over its 2D surface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle

However, we must make sure to both be saying the same thing when talking about planck size.
Go back and look again on the drawing that you made.
Here is what I did with my inferior paint program.
user posted image
Concentrate on the diameter of the circles as the smallest planck length.
The shortest distant around the 2D surface area of the sphere is around the circumference, i.e., a Circle. The length of this circle is 2pi radians, or 2 pi time the Planck length (Lp).

NO! .... The shortest distance is the diameter.
The circumference is longer and we should come back to analyse what you want to do after we have established what we want to use for a planck distance. (As the shortest distance)

Do you agree that if we wrap that 2d surface as a sphere that we will need 24 planck units? That means 24 planck size circles.
Remember we started out by putting a node/particle on each of the 6 surface of a cube and then made the surface of the cube into a 2d sphere (a hollow sphere).
Now all that we have added is planck length.
The result is a sphere that cannot have less than an area of 24 planck size circles on its surface.
Of you disagree or if I need to explain it better .... let me know.

jal
------------
added:
You must have meant one of these links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_packing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-packing
There are two regular lattices that achieve this highest average density. They are called face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP), based on their symmetry.
In all of these arrangements each sphere is surrounded by 12 other spheres.
Merlinus
Jal, why make Planck length a limiting factor?



Kaluza-Klein radius
Why Not?
Hey Jal and Merlinus,

Merlinus, thank you for the link. A K-K radius is a fascinating idea. If anything though, I think the experiment discussed in the paper will do more to prove that compacted dimensions do not exist that to prove that compacted dimensions allow meaningful scales below Planck. Since there is no experimental evidence to support more than 4D spacetime, I choose to remain in 4D for the time being.

Jal,

You said that you agree that all of the information contained in a Planck Mass Black Hole is spread over its 2D surface.

And then you said,
QUOTE (jal+)
NO! .... The shortest distance is the diameter.
The circumference is longer and we should come back to analyse what you want to do after we have established what we want to use for a planck distance.


If all of the information is spread over the surface of the sphere, there is no “through the middle.” Thus, “diameter” has no meaning with respect to transferable information. Just because the Planck length is used to define the size of the Planck sphere, does not mean that information can transits the center of the sphere.

Considered another way, if information moves from the surface (event horizon) of a Planck Mass Black Hole towards the interior, the information will be lost forever, making transfer impossible. No? Information has to travel AROUND the surface, not through the middle. As such, the shortest distance must be the circumference not the diameter. Agreed?

QUOTE (jal+)
Remember we started out by putting a node/particle on each of the 6 surface of a cube and then made the surface of the cube into a 2d sphere (a hollow sphere).
I remember. I also know you can’t go through the middle, it’s hollow!. Thus, again, diameter does not work.

You may then wonder why 2piLp instead of piLp (half way around the sphere)… Because piLp would ˝ of the Planck wavelength and that does not work since E=hc/w not hc/2w. A quanta needs a full wavelength.

QUOTE (jal+)
Do you agree that if we wrap that 2d surface as a sphere that we will need 24 planck units? That means 24 planck size circles.


No to the first sentence, yes to the second. Since the each circle is defined by 2piLp, there are 24 Planck circles, so 48pi Planck lengths required to cover the cube. But I think we will do better is we enclose an HCP lattice of Planck spheres with a larger sphere where each of the Planck Spheres is internally tangential to the enclosing sphere. This arrangement provides 12 kissing points (Spots) that we need for the first packing in three dimensions.

Remember the 6j is given by the 3 times 2piLP of the Plank sphere. Packings of Planck spheres provide depth (a third dimension).

I am glad you are bringing up this point because I think it is crucially important, especially in reference to the holographic principle. If we rely on a 2D surface there can be no middle. Only when we get bigger (add packing levels) can we introduce the dimensions of depth.

By the way, I think you are doing great with your “inferior paint program.”

Mahalo

P.s. Thanks for correcting the link to close-packing of spheres.
jal
Hi Merlinus!
Back up a little bit…. (We are taking baby steps. We want this to be understandable for a 12 year old )
However, to answer you.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza-Klein_theory
The Kaluza–Klein theory is striking because it has a particularly elegant presentation in terms of geometry. In a certain sense, it looks just like ordinary gravity in free space, except that it is phrased in five dimensions instead of four.
Follow the discussion and help where you can. (We have a long way to go before we can get to the tetras)
Remember to apply the minimum length … even between dimensions and in all the other dimensions
I cannot comment on the paper you linked because I cannot do the math to verify if he has done the math properly or logically.
http://xxx.arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0708/0708.0521.pdf
Measuring a Kaluza-Klein radius smaller than the Planck length
Frank Reifler and Randall Morris
Lockheed Martin Corporation, MS2 137–205
199 Borton Landing Road
Moorestown, NJ 08057
Physical Review D 67, 064006 (2003)
QUOTE

Note that the structure constants LfJK are dimensionless, so that the length parameter _ is required in formula (3.9) to balance the dimensions. Also, in formula (3.4), the metric constants gJK are dimensionless.
p.20
We discuss experiments to measure such velocity splitting and show that currently achievable experiments could bound 0 _ to less than 10-25
times the Planck length if velocity splitting were not observed.

All of the above would make a good discussion on another thread.
Especially the progress being made in carrying out the experiment that would prove this theory correct.

You might be interested in his latest paper
http://eprintweb.org/S/search/56952/A3
Geometric Origin of Physical Constants in a Kaluza-Klein Tetrad Model
Frank Reifler and Randall Morris

Received. 12 June 2007 Last updated. 12 June 2007
p.2
A reasonable goal for a Kaluza-Klein model is that all fields have the same physical
dimensions, as well as that all physical constants should originate from geometry in a unified field theory.
this in mind, we define a “geometric model” to be one in which all fields (like the gravitational field) are dimensionless, and with no physical constants (except mass) appearing explicitly in the Lagrangian. (It is assumed in this definition that no special choices of units are made beyond setting the speed of light c and Planck’s constant h equal to one.)
p. 19
Thus, in lieu of Newton’s constant, a fundamental set of constants can be chosen to be the higher dimensional radii and a quantum mechanical normalization constant. The higher dimensional radii are geometrical, whereas, the non-classical normalization of the tensor fields finds its origin in the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics.
------------
Why Not?
I’ll answer you after a night of sleep. I want to get to the circumference but in smaller steps.
jal
jal
Hi Why Not?
When we get into the quantum world things get a little bit different.
What we want to try to find out is how the quantum world is arranged so that we “get/see” our classical packing and geometric patterns. Of course, there is a presumption that the classical arises from what is happening at the quantum world.
Out of the many possible things that are different from the classical world we want to look at one situation at a time.
Planck length is what we want to investigate and what it means for a structure.
------------
There are many pages on the web that can teach you about sphere packing. Here is one.
http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/webmo...herepacking.htm
CELL AGGREGATION AND SPHERE PACKING
Mathematicians know that face-centered cubic packing or hexagonal packing obtains one of the greatests possible densities of spheres, P = 0.7405. One of the looser packings of spheres is simple cubic packing, P=0.5235
-------------
However, in the quantum world, planck length is the minimum and packing of nodes/particles is different then in the classical world.
There must be a planck distance between nodes/particles.
Let’s do a simple drawing using circumferences.
Why Not? could you superimpose the different sizes of circles on your drawing?

User posted image
Why Not? This picture might not always show because of overload. Anyway, you should be able to get the idea and make a better picture.
jal
Why Not?
Hey Jal,

At a given instant, the Planck mass particle can be anywhere with the "enclosing sphere" with radius of 3Lp. This image is a static representation. In your mind you need to think if the interior spheres as rotating, spinning and twisting. The point is that 3piLP is the shortest possible distance from the center to the edge of the enclosing sphere. Remember, a rigid lattice wont preserve quantum "fuzziness". But I can only draw a static picture...

User posted image

So if you take one Planck mass particle and surround it with 12 others, you wind up with something like this...

User posted image

Again static, but I am sure you see the point. As the "guts" of one sphere approaches the edge of its enclosing sphere, it will push the "guts" of any adjacent sphere away (just to maintain the separation. As such, you can have motion at zero K, the exclusion principle, and the dynamics that keep everything going. You also have a means to generate a repulsive force…

Just some thought on where we are heading. wink.gif

Mahalo
TRoc
Hi all,



I posted a link from the DSE thread, over to here. Trying to combine my posts.

http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtop...ndpost&p=259272

In it, I linked to this site:

http://www.exphy.uni-duesseldorf.de/Resear...t/FundPhys.html

The QM interpretation, and further Planck unit ideas, are not the only way.

Some quotes:


QUOTE
General Relativity rests on the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) which consist of three parts

1.      Universality of Free Fall (UFF), also called the Weak Equivalence Principle

2.      Local Lorentz Invariance (LLI) which implies the local validity of Special Relativity

3.      Local Position Invariance (LPI), which implies the universality of the gravitational red shift

UFF states that in a gravitational field all structureless point-like particles with the same initial position and initial velocity follow the same path. This is the condition for gravitation to be geometrizable.

LLI states that at a point and in a sufficient small neighbourhood (so that no gravitational gradient effects play any role) Special Relativity is valid. Therefore, tests of SR are also tests of the validity of GR. The consequence is that at each point in space-time there are a unit of length and of time which are related by the speed of light. (In more mathematical terms: At each space-time point there is a Minkowskian metric.)

LPI states that all local nongravitational experiments (an electromagnetic experiment, for example) are not influenced by the gravitatonal field. (This may be interpreted as a gravitational Relativity Principle: There is no way to distinguish with local experiments between various gravitational fields. - Of course, experiments and observations performed over larger scales, or extended objects, indicate the existence of a gravitational field in terms of tidal forces.) In other words: The outcome of any non-gravitational experiment is independent of where and when in the universe it is performed. The consequence of this postulate is that all length and time scales introduced at different points by means of the previous postulate, are the same.




QUOTE (->
QUOTE
General Relativity rests on the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) which consist of three parts

1.      Universality of Free Fall (UFF), also called the Weak Equivalence Principle

2.      Local Lorentz Invariance (LLI) which implies the local validity of Special Relativity

3.      Local Position Invariance (LPI), which implies the universality of the gravitational red shift

UFF states that in a gravitational field all structureless point-like particles with the same initial position and initial velocity follow the same path. This is the condition for gravitation to be geometrizable.

LLI states that at a point and in a sufficient small neighbourhood (so that no gravitational gradient effects play any role) Special Relativity is valid. Therefore, tests of SR are also tests of the validity of GR. The consequence is that at each point in space-time there are a unit of length and of time which are related by the speed of light. (In more mathematical terms: At each space-time point there is a Minkowskian metric.)

LPI states that all local nongravitational experiments (an electromagnetic experiment, for example) are not influenced by the gravitatonal field. (This may be interpreted as a gravitational Relativity Principle: There is no way to distinguish with local experiments between various gravitational fields. - Of course, experiments and observations performed over larger scales, or extended objects, indicate the existence of a gravitational field in terms of tidal forces.) In other words: The outcome of any non-gravitational experiment is independent of where and when in the universe it is performed. The consequence of this postulate is that all length and time scales introduced at different points by means of the previous postulate, are the same.




Universality of gravitational red shift

The universality of the gravitational red shift can be tested using two oscillators of different physical nature. If the frequencies of these two oscillators depend on the various fundamental constants in a different way, then the ratio or the difference of these frequencies depend on time if these "constants" depend on the strength of the gravitational potential U.




So, it seems like a good idea would be to

1. start with a structureless point-like particles, and then all self similar structureless point-like particles with the same initial position and initial velocity will follow the same path. Spiraling out accomplishes this very efficiently.

2. make each point-like (but not a point) unit in space-time, a unit of length and of time which are related by the speed of light.

3. (sort of a mute point) make sure that all length and time scales introduced at different points by means of the previous postulate, are the same. They are all the same, and follow the same curved paths, and the scale will never change, just the distance between relative "clicks".



regards,

T.Roc
DavidD
QUOTE (Why Not?+Sep 11 2007, 05:21 AM)

User posted image


I have question. Does such combination of those balls is "optimal"? If we in such way add more and more balls (particles) and numbers of particles goes to infinity, then does those particles takes minimal space? Or maybe exist more optimal way to combine particles, that if number of particles going to infinity space, which takes particles must be minimal? I fell like this such combination like shown in picture isn't optimal, becouse we can add particles in free space between balls... And what exactly this image means?
jal
Hi DavidD, TRoc, and Why Not?

I'm going to forget about all those circles/circumference for now.
( I was going to end up with a bunny biggrin.gif )

Seriously, we got to develop to a 3d configuration. We got to make sure that we can get to the 12 spheres by looking at the intermediate steps.

One configuration that we perceive as 3d is a hollow sphere.
(I hope everyone agrees)

So far, we have shown that with 6 nodes/particles we have a sphere that has a surface area of 24 planck lengths.
Do you agree? If you count the the empty nodes (planck units) without making a mistake you get 18 empty nodes.
I did not calculate, (here) what would be the diameter of a sphere having a surface area of 12 planck units.
If you need the formula it is in the link that I gave for sphere packing.
Maybe, one of our 12 year old reader can do the calculation and submit it with an explanation.
No cheating by looking up the answer from my summary thread

I think that it would be of usefull if we had the diameter and the surface area of all the hollow spheres containing 1 -> 12 nodes/particles.
Who wants to undertake this simple task and present it in table form?

DavidD The only way to get your answer "optimal" is to use some math.
You can start by working on the area, diameter table.

TRoc
QUOTE
.... So, it seems like a good idea would be to
1. start with a structureless point-like particles, and then all self similar structureless point-like particles with the same initial position and initial velocity will follow the same path. Spiraling out accomplishes this very efficiently.

2. make each point-like (but not a point) unit in space-time, a unit of length and of time which are related by the speed of light.

3. (sort of a mute point) make sure that all length and time scales introduced at different points by means of the previous postulate, are the same.
They are all the same, and follow the same curved paths, and the scale will never change, just the distance between relative "clicks".

------------
Okay! .... I think we are doing that. If you think that the words that we use would lead us to a dead bunny biggrin.gif .... don't feel shy and we can have a discussion.
-------------
Why Not?
QUOTE (->
QUOTE
.... So, it seems like a good idea would be to
1. start with a structureless point-like particles, and then all self similar structureless point-like particles with the same initial position and initial velocity will follow the same path. Spiraling out accomplishes this very efficiently.

2. make each point-like (but not a point) unit in space-time, a unit of length and of time which are related by the speed of light.

3. (sort of a mute point) make sure that all length and time scales introduced at different points by means of the previous postulate, are the same.
They are all the same, and follow the same curved paths, and the scale will never change, just the distance between relative "clicks".

------------
Okay! .... I think we are doing that. If you think that the words that we use would lead us to a dead bunny biggrin.gif .... don't feel shy and we can have a discussion.
-------------
Why Not?
Just some thought on where we are heading.
So if you take one Planck mass particle and surround it with 12 others, you wind up with something like this...

Let's make sure that we still have the planck length separation from all the static nodes/particles. This will give us the size of each sphere.
We can then look at combining them together.

The reason that I want to see the table is because of what you said

Maybe "THEY2" can give us the table first (use a calculator better than most.)
jal
DavidD
Jal
This particles is real matter in picture or some abstract understanding of matter and plank constant? If they is real matter, then why they is combined exactly in such way (one particle in center six particles on edges and 3 particles on one side and 3 on another)? Why there is big gaps (if we will scal in such way like shown in picture) between "balls of partciles"?
jal
Hi DavidD
you got to understand the basic concept before going to question that you can calculate the answer.
You got to do a little bit of math FIRST and you will find the answers.
Here.... I'll help you some more.... use this web page to calculate the diameter and surface area of a sphere.
http://www.rkm.com.au/CALCULATORS/CALCULAT...cle-sphere.html
jal
DavidD
Actualy, I can't understand what you calculating... Drawing some circles, 3D particles, then balls, whcih consist of those particles? What is point of that's all? Do you think like me that universe consist of small particles (balls)? Can you explain from where energy going to move those particles? In my teory energy is going when particles seaching minimal occupy space... Why those particles moves? What power makes move them?
Why Not?
Hey TRoc, Jal and DavidD,

Let’s back up a minute and make sure we have a good foundation on what we are discussing here. Structured Spacetime.

The question is, does Spacetime have some fundamental structure? IMHO, structure implies minimal spacetime intervals. Not necessarily quantum length and quantum time, but quantum dimension/time = intervals. What does a minimal spacetime interval mean? It means that at some scale, there is no possibility, even in theory, to distinguish one from two. Two "whatever’s" separated by less than the minimum spacetime interval is absolutely and in all ways indistinguishable from one "whatever" located within the same bounds of that spacetime interval. I think this is essentially what TRoc is getting at with UFF LLI and LPI. No?

When we talk about Planck Mass particles and draw circles and spheres, the circles and spheres represent where Planck mass particles can be in relation to other Planck mass particles and still differentiate between one particle and others. I contend that the only way to “distinguish” is by the ability to transfer information across a spacetime interval and that, because of the Planck scale, there is a lower bound, a minimal interval.

Finally, I disagree with you Jal. We do not need to figure out how to go from 2D to 3D, we need to figure out how to transfer information from a 2D surface area (embedded in 3D space) to 4D spacetime. To "propagate" is to send information across a spacetime interval. Agreed?

Mahalo
DavidD
If I good understand, whose circles and 3D particles don't mean real particles, but abstract understanding of plank lenght?
jal
Good day everyone!
Troc posted a link that showed a pattern of relationships and that relationship revealed beautifull spirals that made the math easier to understand.
http://www.numberspiral.com/index.html

Why would you refuse to look into the relationship that could be revealed by applying minimum length to a quantum structure?

That is why we need the table of diameter, surface area, and number of nodes/particles.
http://www.rkm.com.au/CALCULATORS/CALCULAT...cle-sphere.html
GEOMETRY: CIRCLE & SPHERE
How to use the program.
Enter an even number for the surface area and it gives you the diameter (planck length = minimum length)
Diameter ……………….surface area … # of nodes

0.7978845608028654 …………. 2 ………………1
0.9772050238058398 …………. 3 ………………1
----------------------------------------------------
This is the first thing that becomes obvious. A surface area of less than 4 units produces a diameter that is less than the minimum length.
1.1283791670955125 …………. 4 ………………1
The smallest diameter that a sphere can have is 1.1283791670955125 planck length and with a node/particle that is a planck length in size.
The smallest surface area that a sphere can have is 4 planck length.

1. This is the first mistery that is resolved.
You cannot have a structure that is made up of minimum length and have all of the mesurements equal to minimum length.

2. The second mistery that is resolved is
Why is entropy = information = A/4
There is a total area of 4 and only one node/particle that can exist to transmit information.

Why is there only one node/particle on that surface?
There is room for another planck size node/particle at the other pole (other side of the sphere).
Okay! Let’s occupy/fill that position with a node/particle.

3. Third mistery solved.
By filling the second position with a node/particle you are preventing any kind of motion.
(Explain how those two nodes/particles can move without violation the minimum length.)
Until we get to doing dynamics (how things can move) with a model, we must stay with 4 planck lengths for every node/particle on the sphere.
Therefore, for every node/particles we need to have 3 empty nodes (planck lengths)
You have also, discovered another relationship.

4. The reason for uncertainty at the quantum level.
The node/particle can occupy either one of those two position and there is no way of being able to determine which of those two position that the node/particle happens to be occupying.

Do you want to continue with the table and discover more relationships?


We know that we need 3 empty nodes for every node/particle but I will do the table for every unit increase of surface area up to 13.

We will need a model that we can use/analyze when we explore the transfer of information.


Diameter ……………….surface area … # of nodes/particles
0.7978845608028654 …………. 2 ………………1
0.9772050238058398 …………. 3 ………………1
1.1283791670955125 ………. 4 ……………1
1.2615662610100801 …………. 5 ……………… ?
1.381976597885342 …………… 6 ……………. ?
1.4927053303604616 …………. 7 ……………. ?
1.5957691216057308 ……. 8 ……………. 2
1.692568750643269 ………….. 9 ……………. ?
1.7841241161527712 ………… 10 …………… ?
1.8712051592547776 ………… 11 …………… ?
1.9544100476116797 …… 12 …………… 3
2.0342144725641096 ………… 13 …………… ?
and here is
2.763953195770684 ………….. 24 ……………. 6
3.9088200952233594 ……….. 48 …………… 12


5. Mystery solved. Did you know that when studying black holes that the number of nodes/particles that are used is 6 and that represent 3d?
6. The minimums for a black hole are 2.763953195770684 ………….. 24 ……………. 6
7. Did you know that when they study the big bang that they have discovered that there is no singularity? There is a bounce. the bounce occures at 24 planck units. This just happens to be the surface area of a 2d sphere that contains 6 nodes/particles.

8. minimum length give a cut off for the spectrum without doing anything.

Not too bad ...... 8 mysteries solved already.... and we have not even made a model.
Perhaps TRoc can develop the relationship that has been revealed in the growth of the diameter and the # of nodes/particles from a surface area of 4 to a surfacer area of 12 units.
(TRoc take sloooow steps. We got 12 year olds following this discussion)

Questions?
Discussion?
Don’t jump a step by saying that we can combine/fuse/reduce empty nodes if we join a lot of spheres together. We still do not have a model.
jal

QUOTE
by Xiao-Gang Wen (for the "math kids")
First quantization is a description of a quantum system using wave functions.
Second quantization is another description of a quantum system using operators.
In the second quantization we do not need to write down a wave function explicitly.
To obtain a second quantization description of the boson system and to avoid writing the complicated N-variable symmetric functions, we combine the Hilbert spaces with all the different numbers of bosons together to form a total Hilbert space.
jal
Darn I missed the edit time and missed the most obvious mystery that has been revealed.
9. Gravity cannot go to a minimum of one unit (planck length)
TRoc
Hi all,



Jal,

If, as you suggest, there is a pattern that can describe the progression, how will we know which one is "more fundamental".


You have described a relationship with the "circle & sphere",

WN? has talked about the "hexagon" lattice.


Do we have a "fundamental shape", or geometry?



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_statistics

QUOTE
Directional statistics is the subdiscipline of statistics that deals with directions (unit vectors in R^n), axes (lines through the origin in R^n) or rotations in R^n.

The fact that 0 degrees and 360 degrees are identical angles, so that for example 180 degrees is not a sensible mean of 2 degrees and 358 degrees, provides one illustration that special statistical methods are required for the analysis of circular data.

Other examples of data that may be regarded as directional include statistics involving days of the week, months of the year, compass directions, dihedral angles in molecules, orientations, rotations and so on.



The thing about "vibrations" is, that each movement (off axis; or from center) happens only "1/2" of the time, and the other 1/2 of the time, is counter directional. We have not reached a "shape" yet, but it is easier to model with a circle, in the initial explanation.


However, even in the realm of the circle/sphere, we are not limited to only moving from the center, out. So, the relationship of the radius to the circumference may NOT be "fundamental".


What happens when "the node splits in 2"? Basically speaking, they "co-exist" while still in the realm of "one unit", or our original shape, or boundary. Actually, there would be a "slight bulge" in our original circle, of some "minimal increase" in size, or volume. This value could only be expressed as a ratio, of the fundamental unit (1) to said increase.


One only has to watch cellular division under a microscope to understand the "fundamental nature" of the method. It is the progression from "1 to 2"


The question of which is more fundamental, between the "loci" (the center of the circle) or its boundary, calculated by the constant ratio of pi, is also worth asking.


These loci, or nodes, I propose follow the Pauli principle, and are the fundamental process of "not sharing space", which runs as the inverse of superposition. This is called "anti-bunching" sometimes. The relationship between "anti-bunching and bunching" produces the general "Brownian motion", and "zwitterbewung", which is our general "oscillating phenomenon", measured by "vibrations", or "cycles".


They can not "follow" this principle, until they are "born", or fully created, "pinched off from the bubble", and actually measurably separate from each other, in which case, they are "thrust apart" at the speed of light. This is "aided" by the creation of our "other" fundamental component, the "anti-node", which will form AS SOON as geometrically possible.


Again, we are at the point where we ask, "what is this distance, or interval"?


In order to "volumize" the area surrounding a "node", we must give the boundary some LIMIT. It could be pi . This has worked for many different models, and each has brought understanding to us. With these "dualistic" properties of "phase", or the difference (in time and space) between nodes and anti-nodes, IF we use pi, we must admit an "anti-pi" sort of concept.


If we start from a circle, split it in half, and separate them by the diameter (the fundamental unit x2) then we arrive at the "sine wave". This is the "anti-pi", and it operates in "complex space" in order to measure the duality. The vibration is measured from -1 to zero to +1 , because, using pi, the loci has the value of "zero", because it was the "starting point" of the "radius" (1/2 diameter).


Even if we use angles, or degrees, we have to contend with "zero"; even worse, letting a position have "0, 360" shared relationship. This does nothing to measure "fundamental units", where we just need to get from "one", to "two" as our first step. The "first step" is primordial; it is "the urge" that is in all life. It is the oscillation that is in all energy, regardless of velocity, or other change in linear coordinates.


Note, that we have not even completed a "fundamental cycle", and we are already into complex mathematics, and "non-physical counting". Was that "large first step" really necessary?


Can we come up with a system, that will measure the "linear, unit (integer) progression" of the "radius becoming the diameter" AND the ratio of that radius to the circumference (pi)?


This system will have to be "compatible" with BOTH addition and multiplication. This sounds easy, and perhaps even "a bad question"; don't we always follow such a "cardinal rule"?


Can we follow that rule, if our increments are "-1, 0, +1 "? Not without "higher mathematics", which require a fantastic amount of complexity to "stay in step" with this progression. I'm not really going to comment more, and just be "negative". The point is, that we should at least explore the possibility of a different method, that stays with these "fundamental" principles.


If we say that we MUST use multiplication, as part of the "tool kit" that we are assembling, because we want to use the "circle" as a model shape, and we are going to have to multiply r by 2pi , then we can NOT even use "one" as our starting point", because every # multiplied by 1, stays the same. Not a good way to measure change.


So, we set one of our initial parameters at >1 .


Next, we still need a "fundamental unit", and that needs to be "one", by definition. Sparing the full explanation of "why", let's continue from jal's example, and divide the fundamental unit up into 12 parts, separated by a common "multiplier", or "rate". If we ask the question, "what number, divided by a constant rate, in 12 steps or parts, will get us to "one"? , we are asking for the "12th sq rt of 2". This is the ONLY option. (a unique solution)


Parameter 2 becomes 1.05946..


Why would this work ( measure the "linear, unit (integer) progression" of the "radius becoming the diameter" AND the ratio of that radius to the circumference) ?


Because the "radius becoming the diameter" is "1 becoming 2", and it is never more than 1. However, from the previous discussion above, we remember that this is still happening WITHIN the circle, and is actually in the opposite phase space. This is a "simple" equivalent to measuring the complex space of -1.


This is because we decided that the radius is "first", then the other values (diameter, circumference), in order of importance. So, we are not going to move in the direction of expanding the circle, until we have completed the circle, from dualistic phase space.


Why am I doing this? Because we know that a wave has a rate that fluctuates. Whatever value we start with, has a peak on one side of a fundamental area, and then, in a separate moment in time, a peak on the "other side". The method I am using says that the "other side" is not "really imaginary", but also inverse or opposite.


The "opposite" of the radius would be a "counter radius". This simply completes the definition of the "diameter", which is the combination of the 2 values, "radius in our chosen direction", and a "radius in the opposite direction". However, we measure these with the same method; that is, the radius is "one" unit, and as we increase this value, in 12 steps, to get to the diameter, which is always 2x the radius.


The end result is that when we get to 2x our original radius, we still have to multiply by 2 pi. Now we have progressed one fundamental unit, and taken as a whole, have expanded our circle by 2. [2r x 2pi = 1r x 4pi = 4r x 1pi]


This means that if our nodes are separated by one unit, and that unit is our radius, then that unit has a constant ratio to the circumference (2pi). You are describing one circle, by this fundamental unit.


When this fundamental value is doubled to 2 units, you have the equivalent of 2 circles, of the original circumference, or 1 circle of double the circumference. This embodies Huygens' Principle. Drawing circles implies choices as to HOW MANY nodes are you counting? As long as the nodes are equally spaced, you can approximate the wavefront by finding the center of all of the nodes, and drawing a "greater" circle.


The wavefront is this expanding circumference then, and can be gaged with a constant rate, that also measure the linear expansion of the radius, by the same rate. If we increase the radius by 1/4, this will give a circumference that is 1/4 larger than the original circle, created from the fundamental unit.


When we reach a distance (in one linear direction) that is 2r , we have the option of interpreting this as a "new circle" of double size, and/or as 2 circles, of the original size.


Part of the decision as to how to interpret this comes from whether or not our "source" is moving. That is further along in the discussion, where we can discuss Doppler shift, which measures the "asymmetric" version that results from "not making the choice". In other words, keep our original circle, and move (and measure) the change in position of the loci, as if it was "on the way" to becoming "2 circles" (but never getting there).


The catch here, is that I have not expressed the interpretation of QM, which says that there is a minimum based on "harmonics", or a finite integer stack of nested curves, that will match our energy measurement. Nor have I expressed the limitation placed on this scale, that GR says exists due to gravitational redshift.


However, both of these interpretations say that at the center of the circle, we have "duality", or some bit of change in position (an average), that will effect our ultimate measurement, by a change in "expectation".


I just point these out, so that when making your decision, you are asking "from where (which parameter) do we derive a fundamental unit"? Something that is "ad hoc", and added to the "system", or something that can create the system on its own?



regards, (and sorry for the length of this post)


T.Roc

jal
QUOTE
TRoc
I just point these out, so that when making your decision, you are asking "from where (which parameter) do we derive a fundamental unit"? Something that is "ad hoc", and added to the "system", or something that can create the system on its own?

REASON # 10 biggrin.gif
10. Minimum length imposes a structure. The challenge is to find the model that is reflecting our observations. Remember, minimum length would apply to ALL models including models with extra dimensions and the structure inside those dimensions.
----------
I will try to examine your approach.
Eventhough I think that it is more of a "photon" approach it should give insight to all of the other reasons.
I'll be back with questions.
jal
jal
Hi!
QUOTE
First quantization is a description of a quantum system using wave functions.

Meaning....The photon approach.
QUOTE (->
QUOTE
First quantization is a description of a quantum system using wave functions.

Meaning....The photon approach.

Second quantization is another description of a quantum system using operators.

Meaning ... Trying to figure out where the nodes/particles are located.
QUOTE

In the second quantization we do not need to write down a wave function explicitly.
To obtain a second quantization description of the boson system and to avoid writing the complicated N-variable symmetric functions, we combine the Hilbert spaces with all the different numbers of bosons together to form a total Hilbert space.

Meaning ... We put all the nodes/particles on the surface of a sphere, (minimum length) and we do not need to concern ourselves with what is in the node/particle.


First job
We establish what is the minimum sphere with the minimum number of node/particles
Second job
We will realize that we need more than one sphere to be able to explain more than that minimum number of nodes/particles.
Third job
What patterns will we get
-------------
I do not disagree with what you said. I want to relate it to minimum length and find explanations for the differences that might exist.

Now, for a little bit of number crunching.
You get a different number .. Parameter 2 becomes 1.05946…
Which you derived from the speed of light.
Correct????
When I enter 14 for the surface area of a sphere I get a radius of 1.055502061411188 and a diameter of 2.111004122822376.
If I was to try to fill ALL of the positions (make a soliton) without violating minimum length I could have a maximum of 7 nodes/particles on the surface of that sphere. Since I want those nodes/particles to move around then I would limit the number of nodes/particles to something smaller (6,5,4,3,2).
QUOTE (->
QUOTE

In the second quantization we do not need to write down a wave function explicitly.
To obtain a second quantization description of the boson system and to avoid writing the complicated N-variable symmetric functions, we combine the Hilbert spaces with all the different numbers of bosons together to form a total Hilbert space.

Meaning ... We put all the nodes/particles on the surface of a sphere, (minimum length) and we do not need to concern ourselves with what is in the node/particle.


First job
We establish what is the minimum sphere with the minimum number of node/particles
Second job
We will realize that we need more than one sphere to be able to explain more than that minimum number of nodes/particles.
Third job
What patterns will we get
-------------
I do not disagree with what you said. I want to relate it to minimum length and find explanations for the differences that might exist.

Now, for a little bit of number crunching.
You get a different number .. Parameter 2 becomes 1.05946…
Which you derived from the speed of light.
Correct????
When I enter 14 for the surface area of a sphere I get a radius of 1.055502061411188 and a diameter of 2.111004122822376.
If I was to try to fill ALL of the positions (make a soliton) without violating minimum length I could have a maximum of 7 nodes/particles on the surface of that sphere. Since I want those nodes/particles to move around then I would limit the number of nodes/particles to something smaller (6,5,4,3,2).
This means that if our nodes are separated by one unit, and that unit is our radius, then that unit has a constant ratio to the circumference (2pi). You are describing one circle, by this fundamental unit.

I also like an even number. Also, the nodes can have a greater separation than one unit but never less than one unit.

If we assume that the radius obtained from the calculation (1.055502061411188) is not observed in experimental observations of the speed of light then there needs to be an explanation for the difference of those two radius
(1.05550… - 1.05946… = .00396…)
Would your number be the size of the nodes/particles as well as the separation (minimum distance) between the nodes/particles?
Have you got any suggestions/ideas?

Hummm…. When using the surface area of a sphere with whole numbers I only get 9 numbers between one and two that are smaller than two.
Do you have any idea how the two approaches can be reconciled?

I would think that if we could relate one of the minimum surface area of a sphere to agree with your starting number it would be sufficient.
We could then deal with the number of nodes on that surface that could be making a photon/soliton.
From what you have said, I think that you would want 2 nodes/particles on a sphere of 14 units.
Is that correct?
I think that when we get a diameter greater than 2 then the nodes/particles would no longer be on the surface of the sphere (1.9544100476116797 …… 12 …………… 3)
This is where we would need to limit the size of the sphere. (less than two)
( Hummm …This number could be related to QCD … 3 quarks/nodes/particles???)
If we had two or more spheres that did not have a diameter greater than 2 interacting with each other, maybe that would give use a solution.

(That is the part that Why Not? and I have as hex patterns.)
jal
TRoc
Hi all,



Sometimes, when "editing", the first draft is better just "tossed", rather than trying to do a lot or "erasing". I can find no understanding of what happened in your last post. I'm sure that we lost our 12 year olds!


I thought we were going over the different "fuels" that we might use for a test flight , and you reached over and hit the "launch button"!
laugh.gif



Let me restate the "question" that I think needs to be answered before the "test flight".


If space and time are related in the way that can be deemed "entwined", and they don't have a " 1:1 " ratio, then which number is "fundamental"? The value that is "one", or the value that is "<,>1"? Aren't BOTH required to give the "fundamental" answer?


I think that this is what WN? is saying about an "interval".


Since my method is "dimensionless", it can not answer this "choice" for us, we must interpret the whole picture, and decide whether space, or time gives us the answer we want. The one thing that I can say, is that if we want some KIND of number for an answer, like "integer numbers for units of distance" (like 1 meter), then our OTHER measurement can NOT be an integer, it "jumps" in an exponential way.


When you are "constructing" your "geometry", what is it that you are trying to model?



regards,

T.Roc

jal
THE LAUNCHE HAS BEEN ABORTED. sad.gif
We will need to come back after clearing up some communication problems.

Are you referring to philosophy or to fixed point and phase transition.
QUOTE
If space and time are related in the way that can be deemed "entwined", and they don't have a " 1:1 " ratio, then which number is "fundamental"? The value that is "one", or the value that is "<,>1"? Aren't BOTH required to give the "fundamental" answer?

Can you link and explain what you mean from one of these links or some other.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_%28mathematics%29
Points which come back to the same value after a finite number of iterations of the function are known as periodic points; a fixed point is a periodic point with period equal to one.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition
phase transition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization_group
As it was stated in the previous section, the most important information in the RG flow are its fixed points. The possible macroscopic states of the system, at a large scale, are given by this set of fixed points.
http://www.superkits.net/whitepapers/Fixed...onal%20Math.pdf
Fixed-Point Representation & Fractional Math
By Eric Oberstar
August 30 2007
---------
jal
Why Not?
Hey TRoc, Jal and all,

Maybe if I were 12 I would understand the last few posts! laugh.gif I believe I am in agreement with TRoc, we need to build the rocket first, so thank you Jal for aborting the launch.

I also think it may be a good idea to step back and examine why we think we need to define a minimum interval. (Maybe I am making assumptions, but to me, it requires space AND time to make an interval. Einstein showed that that the two are inexorably linked. It all comes down to "how long (time) does it take to travel distance (space).” So we should be giving equal consideration to time as to length. Agreed?)

I linked to Baez earlier and I will stick with dimensional analysis as a valid justification to suspect spacetime structure. The Compton wavelength and the Schwarzschild radius both have some experimental justifications. Combining the two and examining the result seem a pretty good place to start. My only contention with Baez is that the 2pi should not be ignored (at least until we are so mathematically sophisticated enough that such things can be ignored).

Best to all and Mahalo
jal
Hi Why Not?TRoc, and all,
I am familiar with J. Baez and if memory serves (paraphrased) 2pi should not be ignored that it may be contain an unknown key.
QUOTE
... examine why we think we need to define a minimum interval.

Because if we go beyond/smaller than planck scale which was determined mathematically, (you posted a link before), then we cannot make any analysis or predictions.
QUOTE (->
QUOTE
... examine why we think we need to define a minimum interval.

Because if we go beyond/smaller than planck scale which was determined mathematically, (you posted a link before), then we cannot make any analysis or predictions.
The Compton wavelength and the Schwarzschild radius both have some experimental justifications.

Yes, QED for the Compton wavelength and minimum length for Schwarzschild radius.
There are a lot of links in my summary.
I think that we are saying the same thing but that the same words may have different meaning for each of us.

jal
TRoc, Just saw what I think is your answer in DSE thread.
http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtop...95&#entry260834
It will take time to read.
Why Not?
Hi all,

Thanks Jal! I was going for General Relativity for the Schwarzschild, but, nonetheless,
QUOTE
I think that we are saying the same thing but that the same words may have different meaning for each of us.


The beauty of mathematics is that it is the Universal language.

So, if you will all induldge the question, is there a "maximal interval"?

Mahalo, ku`u hoa.
jal
QUOTE
So, if you will all induldge the question, is there a "maximal interval"?

Yes... more than one. biggrin.gif
It depends on the context. QED...QCD ... etc
jal
Why Not?
And they are what?!?

IMHO there is but one maximal interval...si? (bi-lingual pun intended laugh.gif )

In an ideal world, the maximal and the minimal should be scale invariant, no?

As always, Mahalo.
jal
Hi Why Not?TRoc, and all,

Nobody knows the quantum maximum or minimum lengths but there are scientists who are doing experiments that can give us a better range of where are those distances.
Bookmark, Xiao-Gang Wen and do a search on the work that he is doing.
He is looking for the Quantum Minimum Length Structure.


http://dao.mit.edu/~wen/
Quantum field theory of many-body systems
Xiao-Gang Wen
Chapter 8
Topological and Quantum Order – Beyond Landau’s Theories
The concept of topological/quantum order allows us to have a new classification of orders. A quantum order is simply a non-symmetry breaking order in a quantum system, and a topological order is simply a quantum order with finite energy gap.

Look at his java dance of electrons. I don’t know how he set up his program. Set e to 12 and slow the speed and you will see that there is a preferred dance of triplet.
http://dao.mit.edu/~wen/java/dance/dance.html
-------------
You can do like me ... get ideas of where to look for information and pursue the trail. This forum will not give you the answers.
jal
Why Not?
Hey Jal, et al.

Thanks for offering up another great link. Regardless of speculation about what the minimum size might be and why , it would be nice to see some arguments against a minimum (length, time, or interval). To me, it seems "obvious" that there must be a minimum interval. A minimum interval implies a minimum distance and time. This, in turn, implies a spacetime structure. What are we missing that is "so obvious"? Or is everyone else just ignoring the "obvious"?

Mahalo
jal
Hi Why Not?
Your point is well taken. The two minimum sizes are related. They have to be or you violate the minum size scale.

If you are interested in the work presently being done then I will give you another paper to read with my observations.

From http://dao.mit.edu/~wen/
Quantum field theory of many-body systems
Xiao-Gang Wen

p. 472
fig.10.9 He uses 2 cubes with position #1 plaquete is shared by both cube OR is there two plaquete in the same position. Therefore, he has 11 positions for the fermions.
If he was to expand to more than two cubes then all the plaquete positions would be shared/doubled. There would never be a certainty of minimum distance between the plaquetes or the number of plaquetes.
Cubic packing does not preserve the identity of each plaquete.
Cubic packing does not preserve minimum length.
His math might works (I’ll let others decide) but his picture of having cubes (a cubic lattice) will not work but it is close to being right. (after all, cubic packing and hex. packing preserve the volume.)
However, by using 3d packing you get the hex pattern for the 12 plaquete positions and they would not be shared and you would be able to keep minimum distances and the math should work with that picture.
As a result, you can use the double tetra, (LQG, spin nets) because in the center of the spinning plaquetes is the double tetra.

See
http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0611197
Quantum Graphity
Tomasz Konopka, Fotini Markopoulou, Lee Smolin
(Submitted on 17 Nov 2006) )
“We argue (but do not prove) that under certain conditions the spins in the system can arrange themselves in regular, lattice-like patterns at low temperatures. When the graph is frozen, the model is closely related to a model of Levin and Wen [4, 5, 6] which has emergent gauge degrees of freedom.”
p.7
“…it is helpful to first consider the graph of “on” links to be frozen in a particular configuration, say a regular cubic lattice where the minimal loops in the graph are plaquettes. In this case, these terms reduce to the rotor model of Levin and Wen [6]”

In case you do not realize it the cubic lattice is being used sucessfully.
Lee Smolin and company are doing their best at trying to get a working model with minimum length.
If you do a search for Lee smolin you will get a lot of papers that he has written.
We are not the only ones trying to figure things out. The "math kids" are also looking. Read their stuff and you won't have to start from zero. (pun intended biggrin.gif )
jal
jal
Good day!
TRoc, You might find some information in the following papers that could be usefull with your approach.

http://www.citebase.org/abstract?id=oai%3A...ep-ph%2F0702140
Pion and muon mass difference: a determining factor in elementary particle mass distribution
Authors: Shah, G. N.; Mir, T. A.

On the other hand we have shown with a reasonably better accuracy that the mass unit of 29.318 MeV is basic to the mass difference between elementary
particles arranged in ascending order of mass. This holds true for mass differences
between unstable leptons, successive baryons and of 45 mass differences among all baryons. Such an evidence cannot be mere accidental.
The general implication of our study is that elementary particle mass states seem quantized and that they occur distributed in various mass states such that the mass differences are integral/half integral multiples of the mass difference between first two lowest massive elementary particles. This goes well with
the general rule in physical systems where lowest mass states are considered as the building blocks of more complex systems and hence in some sense the most fundamental. From the study it looks possible to obtain mass of an elementary particle by making integral/half integral jumps in units of 29.318 MeV. This discreteness of mass occurrence holds fairly well for baryons and leptons. The present study treating the leptons, mesons and baryons on equal basis will have impact in the understanding of the physics of the elementary particles.
That the pion and muon mass difference appears to be basic to the mass spectra of leptons and baryons tends to indicate a sort of common link between particles responding to different interaction forces.

http://www.citebase.org/abstract?id=oai%3A...ysics%2F0309037
A QCD Generated Mass Spectrum
Authors: Sidharth, B. G.

TRoc
Hi jal,


Yes, this is very interesting. Thanks for the links. They are definitely "on the trail".

wink.gif


ciao,

T.Roc

Guest_Zephir
QUOTE (DavidD+Sep 9 2007, 04:38 PM)
But what if this ball is plank lenght? And distance between those balls no exist. Those ball then still can move..

JAL is just trying to explain the bubbles of Aether Wave Theory model.... wink.gif

jal
Hi TRoc!
Glad you like it.
With your approach you might be able to see a pattern that the math kids have missed.
Check out their discussion at
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.ph...043#post1445043
QUOTE
Here is another surprise the t lepton mass can be obtained by taking 57 jumps of 29.318 MeV from the muon mass i.e t mass= 57x 29.318. Now this 57 number also helps us to include the electron mass as 57 times electron mass= 29.127 very close to 29.318. This leads us to thing that like in Nambu's and many other cases the basic unit appears from the electron mass.
Now this also means the pion -muon= 57x electron , tau - muon =57x 29.318 =57x57x electron. which in turn leads to tau- pion =56x 29.318 =56 x 57 x electron.
Hence the lightest hadron i.e pion and lightest unstable lepton i.e muon , two leptons muon and tau , lightest hadron and heaviest lepton i.e tau are all related through electron mass.

jal
amrit
proposing that space has a quantum structure
how is then with time as a fourth coordinate of space
is time a quanta ?


jal
Hi amrit!
We are limited in what we can observed because our instruments cannot take a "freeze picture" at the speed of light.
Therefore, when we take a picture, there are many events, (changes of position and location), that made up that "image".
We are trying to capture the location and position of the photon or electric field or the magnetic field. By taking consecutive "pictures" we try to analyze/find the position location of what is in each "frame" and try to find the changes that have happened between each "frame".
Therefore, our "picture frames" could be considered "quantas". Really,really "rough" quantas.
If there is very litttle change in the position/location of the events captured in the picture frame then we will get a "clear" picture with very little "fuzziness".
The speculation and/or guessing starts by proposing the many different ways to explain the changes of the position/location of what is/was captured on the picture frame.. biggrin.gif
jal
amrit
guys space-time is a math model.....
no suc a a thing in the physical reality
amrit
QUOTE (jal+Sep 30 2007, 03:50 PM)
Hi amrit!
We are limited in what we can observed because our instruments cannot take a "freeze picture" at the speed of light.
Therefore, when we take a picture, there are many events, (changes of position and location), that made up that "image".
We are trying to capture the location and position of the photon or electric field or the magnetic field. By taking consecutive "pictures" we try to analyze/find the position location of what is in each "frame" and try to find the changes that have happened between each "frame".
Therefore, our "picture frames" could be considered "quantas". Really,really "rough" quantas.
If there is very litttle change in the position/location of the events captured in the picture frame then we will get a "clear" picture with very little "fuzziness".
The speculation and/or guessing starts by proposing the many different ways to explain the changes of the position/location of what is/was captured on the picture frame.. biggrin.gif
jal

hi jal

with time is as with a distance, it make sense when you measure it
smallest unit of time is "PLANCK TIME", but events do not run into time
they run into space only
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