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TRoc
Hi all,


Another chance for C2...

Good points in both of your last 2 posts (as well as the gems a few pages ago on doing away with the "photon").


Mathematics & the validity of the operation.

Labeling something with arbitrary numbers, and then assigning a physical interpretation. Counting REAL things is different.

Path length: gee, this method predicts fringe lines from constructive/destructive interference. It even predicts wavelength.

Now, go back to the model. The slit is estimated to be "around" 1 wavelength. Any units of this "one", now become the distance to the screen. A "2-way" interaction (+/- interference) gives 2 results (+/- fringes). Do you see the similarity in the validity statement you made?

Go and look REALLY hard to find a DIRECT way to measure wavelength or frequency of OPTICAL range EM waves. You will ONLY find "estimations", based on fringe patterns, from where? You guessed it, the DSE. Circular logic, ad hoc or arbitrary data, compared with the same, does not make "true" logic.

You will not find a direct way. You will find "spectroscopy". Measuring vibrations by interfering a known oscillation against it, and comparing the difference.


Part 2: "If we fire single photons into the DSE.."

Again, go find a single "photon" source. LASER is not in the category of "producing 1 photon" at a time. By DEFINITION, it is producing billions at a time. SUPERPOSITION is an integral part of this resonant process. The RULE would be MANY more than "1-at-a-time". Separating arbitrary "groups" (pulse) is not producing "one photon", because all of these superposed "photons" are created at tiny different moments. They interact and "spread" to otherwise fill space. This includes longitudinally... and even more so after being staged by the multi slits (treat as new source), giving all the energy a chance to regroup.

The chance for isolating a "single photon" in this set-up is astronomically small. The ONLY thing they are relying on, is the MATH that says "single photon". This math, being NORMAL, does NOT include/allow for SUPERPOSITION. Superposition means "more than one"; that is hard to reconcile with the hard definition of "one" in math.

Remember, "photons" "seek all paths", and this means the path between pulsed groups too. They will "fill" that area, too. Nothing is done whatsoever to MEASURE for one "photon", it is all done in the math, and the "time between pulses". Time means what to the "photon"? Oh yeah, NOTHING. No time is experienced between "photons", therefore, they can not be temporally separated, eh?

Come on folks, "single photons" are a hoax. All the claims, "science", and ramifications of this faulty idea need to be re-thought.


regards,

T.Roc


Laserlight
Hi TRoc and All,

QUOTE
Come on folks, "single photons" are a hoax. All the claims, "science", and ramifications of this faulty idea need to be re-thought.


Realistically, you are correct. A single photon is just the minimum energy
level of a single quantum event, which doesn't really occur in nature. Nature
strings single quanta from an electron in a chain of energy events/pulses.
So, in reality, we have a cyclic pulse train of sequential events from each
stimulated atomic dipole.

Manmade femto-second trigger pulses can sponsor such an event but isn't the
amplitude actually stimulating a parallel type of event across numerous atoms at the atomic level that releases "entangled" photons?

Someone care to elaborate?

LL
Montec
Hello all

After participating in this thread for almost a year (yes it is that old) I have come to some conclusions. (Conclusions are always open to change in the light of new data.)

1. Harmonic coupling is the most efficient way to transfer energy from one system to another.

2. The photonic effect (for lack a a better word) is a purely local effect that transfers energy from one system (EM waves) to another (matter) or the reverse. The amount of energy transfered is directly linked to the system harmonics.

3. If there are no harmonic conditions for a given frequency of the EM radiation that encounters some substance then there is no transfer of energy and that substance is transparent for that given EM radiation frequency.

4. Refraction of a wave is the result of a relative slowing between different sections of the wave front. The amount of refraction is wavelength dependent. Interference within the refraction is caused by changing harmonic conditions at the wave/matter boundary. A sharp edge works better than a rounded edge.

I have a few more conclusions but these four are enough for now.

Comments and/or discussion welcome.

smile.gif

Montec
Hello Laserlight, Troc, et al.

I believe the the source for the single photon experiment brought up by Confused2 is a ordinary incandescent light bulb projected though a green filter. Since the spectrum of the bulb is, in part, dependent on the temperature of the filament one can statistically postulate the green photons seen by the double slits to only occur one at a time. IE reducing the current to the filament will reduce the green photon output from the filter.


smile.gif

jal
Good Day!
Backing up to college level. The following experiment will clarify some of your positions.
http://marcus.whitman.edu/~beckmk/QM/grangier/Thorn_ajp.pdf
Observing the quantum behavior of light in an undergraduate laboratory
J. J. Thorn, M. S. Neel, V. W. Donato, G. S. Bergreen, R. E. Davies, and M. Becka
Department of Physics, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362
~Received 4 December 2003; accepted 15 March 2004!
you should be able to argue from an experimental basic.
When you are ready .... the university doors beckon. biggrin.gif
jal
Confused2
Hi Troc,

QUOTE (Troc+)
Now, go back to the model. The slit is estimated to be "around" 1 wavelength. Any units of this "one", now become the distance to the screen. A "2-way" interaction (+/- interference) gives 2 results (+/- fringes). Do you see the similarity in the validity statement you made?

No initial assumption is made about wavelength .. all that is required is that there be two well defined optical paths to the same point.
Wavelength = [distance between peaks] * [slit separation] / [Distance to screen] ..no initial assumptions .. see http://schools.matter.org.uk/Content/Inter...ce/formula.html for a simple derivation.

Best wishes,
-C2.

Laserlight
Hi All,

Let me propose a scenario while also asking for your comments.

A wavelength is the cross section of a wave from start to end of a pulse
that is usually measured across multiple wavelengths at the p-p level.
Wavelength represents the electrical component of the wave.

So, wavelength actually represents the time duration of the wave pulse
and is the electric component of the wave.

The wavefront breadth (width) represents the magnetic component of the wave.

I am assuming that the minimum wave breadth (width) that is necessary to
insure propagation and minimum symmetry of the wave must be equal to
the wave duration on a lateral scale. However, since a wave radiates outward
from the source dipole emission event it appears that the electric field component
can expand laterally to some finite dimension that has a timing relationship to
the electric field component.

Doesn't this limit the maximum lateral magnetic field component of the
wave?

Comments?
Confused2
Hi LL,

The energy flow is given by ExH (E cross H) .. which may or may not help.

QUOTE (LL+)
However, since a wave radiates outward from the source dipole emission event it appears that the electric field component can expand laterally to some finite dimension that has a timing relationship to the electric field component.

Is this a light cone question? If it is then we have (apparently) light cones giving one answer and seeking all paths giving another .. I'd say the DSE (experimentally) supports 'seeking all paths' with the catch that 'seeking all paths' predicts the probability of detection but not when. This could be answered by a pay and display paper about a numerical simulation of the evolution of 'seek all paths' but it seems we're all too mean to pay.
Best wishes,
-C2.
Laserlight
Hi C2,

No, I'm not concerned about the energy component of a photon, we know that
by E=hf.

A single photon of specific frequency must have a fixed limit to its "physical"
wave dimensions. I have a hard time conceptualizing that the H field goes
to infinity and back in a finite fixed time interval that is determined by a fixed
frequency/wavelength.

I'm talking about the individual photon's wave "package" dimensions, it must have
a fixed physical/dimensional size that it propagates within. My point
being that the E and H wave symmetry limits the maximum gap width,
the distance between the slits, or the wave function will collapse due to
signal disruption/blockage.

We should be able to determine the photons lateral H wave dimensions at a
certain frequency, by widening the slit spacing, effectively creating a blocking
filter, until there is no photon detected at the detection screen (PMT). This would
be the physical dimension where wave "symmetry" is interrupted in the H plane.
Any physical slit gap dimension less than this maximum will allow a photon to pass
thru regardless of the distance from the source, which would indicate that a photon
of a specific frequency has finite physical/range limits.
------

An argument, if we transmit a specific frequency microwave signal to a space
craft at the outer extremes of the solar system, its receiving antenna still resonates
at the frequency of the transmitted frequency/wavelength. Yes, the beamwidth
has spread/dispersed and the power/intensity level is low, but the individual
photon waves are still dimensionally "fixed" to a physical size in order for
resonance to occur in the antenna.

The frequency remains the same, and the transmitted signal will be detected and
resonate in the antenna as long as there are enough photons (power level) to be
detected above the noise threshold level. Doesn't this suggest that wavefront of
multiple photons will seek all paths, similar to a water wave, but an individual
photon is "quantum limited" to a fixed "physical" size. ("Physical" meaning
maximum dimensional limits)

Comments,
LL
"THEY"
HEEELLLLLLLP! C2! (or someone) they2 and I are trying to do a DSE onto paper and all we get is:
1- with slits, we see literally...... (ta da) TWO SLITS ON PAPER!
2- with pinholes, we see a quasar explosion (or something of the like - a large figure 8)

We see no typical DSE pattern. What are we doing wrong? Do I need more wine? wink.gif

Our setup... I have two slits and two pinholes in aluminum foil, both somewhere between 1 to 2 mm apart, a low powered laser, and holding a piece of paper up to two inches from the laser (so we can see what the heck is happening). I have not bought the webcam yet. I have moved things around trying to change the distance, but there is no change in what we see.

ideas please??
Laserlight
Hi THEY,

Try moving your laser further away from the slits so that you have a planar
wave hitting the foil "wall". Also move your screen back from the slits at least
6-10 inches. Probably need to have the laser source about 18" - 30" away.
I think C2 provided an explanation of his DSE layout in an earlier post.

I hope this helps.

LL
TRoc
Hi THEY,


You need smaller slits/holes, put closer together. You will have a hard time cutting small holes. Place something like wood behind the foil, and just use the corner of a razor blade.

Put the slits as close together as possible, this will still be very large, compared to wavelength.

You could try the "smoked glass" idea. Hold glass over a candle, high enough to accumulate soot. Cover evenly, then "scratch" 2 fine lines.


Of course, they do SELL the pre-made DS screen! laugh.gif


ciao,

T.Roc

Confused2
First problem ..
**sigh** Let's look at the DSE equation .. this should tell us how far apart our fringes will be

Wavelength = [distance between peaks] * [slit separation] / [Distance to screen] see http://schools.matter.org.uk/Content/Inter...ce/formula.html for a simple derivation.
So..
[Distance between peaks] = [Wavelength] * [Distance to screen] / [Slit separation]
With slits 1mm apart, screen at say 10cm and assuming a wavelength of 650nm
Converting everything into meters
With slits 0.001m apart, screen at say 0.1 m and assuming a wavelength of 650E-9
[Distance between peaks] = 650E-9 * 0.1 / 0.001
= 65E-6
Which is 0.000065m or 0.065 mm
So.. without Supergirl eyes you're not going to be able to see your fringes.

Second problem
Aluminium foil is shiny .. (bad thing with a laser around). When you poke your holes you make zillions of shiny little bits which act as new sources and generally mess the thing up (quasar explosion) . You need card (preferably black) for this job.

Third problem
If you increase the distance between your slits and your screen (probably best to start thinking in terms of a wall some distance away) .. for simplicity let's suggest 5meters instead of 10cm so your fringes will be 50 times further apart .. (now 3mm apart ). You turn the light off and start looking for your fringes. Never found 'em. I suspect one of the problems is that the laser isn't really very well collimated/coherent .. OK for short distances but falls apart over longer distances. I have tried shining the laser through a pinhole .. and then the double slits/pinholes .. but never got everything lined up well enough to get a result.

Unless you've got better technique than I have (vodka might just give the required edge) I think you will need to mess about with the laser camera to get anywhere.

Best wishes,
-C2.

Edit ..
My pinholes are directly over the exit hole of the laser (I use bluetack (blue sticky stuff) to hold the card in place and allow for a bit of lining up. )
"THEY"
Thanks for the replies! I will fine tune what we are doing. But we were finally somewhat successful last night, but it was about 10 pm so I didn't get back online. I thought the slits needed to be close to the detector (paper) but I finally got a bit of a pattern holding the paper a foot (appx 30 cm) away from the foil. I can't remember where I read to use aluminum foil, but I will try the smoked glass or something else next time. I did notice the reflection it caused...... And we do need to create something to hold everything. We were holding it by hand! I flashed myself in the eye numerous times with the laser reflection... blink.gif so I like C2's idea of tacking the slits to the laser. Probably the safest way to be used in they2's classroom. We tried taking a picture to post to see if it was correct (with a camera, not a "detector") but the pattern didn't show up well enough. Besides, macrophotography isn't they2's specialty, but MOMs. I had her take the picture so she didn't flash herself in the eyes with the laser like I was doing.

SO! We will lengthen it, make a box or something for a holder, and buy the webcam detector. Hopefully I won't have to bug you guys again!

Thanks again
mr_homm
Hi, "THEY"

Let's try to get the parameters set so that you get the brightest and easiest to see fringes.

First, the ratio (fringe spacing)/(screen distance) = (light wavelength)/(slit separation), so it is easy to calculate the fringe spacing based on knowing the other quantities. You'll need the fringes to be at least about a 1mm apart to see them easily. Let's abbreviate this as
f = D·lambda/s > 1mm. --- (1)

Second, you'll be getting diffraction from each slit as well as interference between the slits. The diffraction pattern will control the overall brightness available at each point on the screen, and within that envelope, the interference will create fringes. Therefore, the fringes will have different brightnesses depending on how they sit within the diffraction pattern.

In order to see fringes, you will need at least 4 or 5 fringes to fit within the central bright area of the diffraction pattern. Let's say you want about 10 fringes to show up brightly, so that it is absolutely clear that you are seeing interference, and not just a couple of spots. In that case, you need the separation between the slits to be about 5 times the width of each slit, based on the relation that (fringe spacing)/(diffraction spot width) = (slit width)/(slit spacing). Let's abbreviate this as
f/d = w/s < 1/5. --- (2)

You would like to get the brightest fringes possible, but they should of course be large enough to see and photograph. Let's say you need the fringes to be 1mm or so apart. How bright can you get them to be, and what arrangement will produce that brightness? Well, brightness is controlled by two things, the quantity of light getting through the slits and the distance to the screen. Brightness decreases with the screen distance (NOT the square of the distance, because the laser light will only spread out perpendicular to the slits0, and increases linearly with slit width and with laser intensity. Let's abbreviate this as
B = wI/D = maximum. --- (3)

Therefore, you have the following constraints to satisfy: f > 1mm, w/s < 1/5, B = maximum, lambda = 650nm. You have the following parameters to adjust: w, s, D, I. Now obviously I should be as large as possible, so if your laser beam has much spread, you should bring it up close to the slits. You don't have to worry about the coherence of the beam; even cheap laser pointers are quite coherent, because you can't effectively produce laser light without its being coherent, so that's a given.

Now if you choose a value for D, (1) forces s = D·lambda/f, so (2) shows that w < D·lambda/5f, and then (3) shows that B < D·lambda·I/(5fD) = lambda·I/(5f). This means that D doesn't matter to the brightness. But you should use the smallest D that you can because D could need to be quite large if you don't plan ahead. Now (1) shows that to use a smaller D you need a smaller s, and then (2) shows that you need a smaller w also.

Therefore, the question becomes, just how fine a scratch can you make in your foil, or on your smoked glass? And how close together can you reliably make two parallel scratches? That depends on your tools, of course, but with smoked glass you can lay a ruler across it (put the ruler up on some supports so that it just barely doesn't touch the glass, of course) and then drag a needle across the glass while holding the ruler firmly in place.

You'll also need to move the ruler a very short distance before making a second scratch. One way to do this is to release the ruler carefully and then lay your thumbnail alongside the ruler and rock your thumb toward the ruler very slightly until you can just barely see or feel the ruler move, and then repeat on the other end.

(By the way, the ideal thing to use as a scriber would be an old phonograph needle if you have one that you don't use any more. A regular sewing needle will do, but a pin is too blunt. Don't use much pressure, in any case.)

Now let's look at what you might expect to achieve. I think you might be able to get scratches about 0.5mm = s apart, and thin enough to see several fringes, say about 0.1mm = w wide. In that case, you'll want to make D = f·s/lambda = 1mm·0.5mm/650nm = 77cm, or roughly 30 inches. How bright will this make the fringes? Most laser pointers are about 5mw and have beam diameters of about 0.3cm, which give intensities of 70mW/cm^2 = 700W/m^2. The diffraction pattern on the screen will have a spot width of d = 10f = 10mm, while the slit width is 0.1mm, so the intensity will be reduced by a factor of 100 because the light covers 100 times the area of the slit.

Actually, there are two slits, and the constructive interference will quadruple the intensity, so you can expect a fringe brightness of about 4·700/100 = 28W/m^2. This is pretty good, since 700W/m^2 is roughly the same brightness as sunlight, so the fringe brightness will be about 4% the brightness of direct sun. For comparison, at a distance of 1m froma 100W incandenscent bulb (which only puts out about 3W of actual visible light -- incandescent bulbs are really very inefficient), you get an intensity of 3/(4pi)W/m^2 = 0.24W/m^2. So these fringes ought to be about 100 times the brightness of a well lit room.

(Digression: Artificial lighting is quite dim compared to sunlight, because our eyes are amazingly adaptable. You can (just barely) read by the full moon, and full moonlight is about 1/200,000th the brightness of sunlight. A normally lit room is only about 1/1000th as bright as direct sunlight, but that's plenty for most purposes.)

That means that you could probably increase D quite a bit and get a nice large fringe spacing, and the fringes will still be bright enough to be visible in a normally lit room. Try D of 7m or so, by placing the screen clear across the room from the slits. That should give nice broad fringes, and with the room lights out they should be quite visible.

Hope this helps!

(and say Hi to "they2" for me)

--Stuart Anderson
Confused2
Hi THEY,THEY2, Mr Homm et al,

Mr Homm's approach is (of course) excellent. If something doesn't work as predicted then very often this is more interesting and useful than the predicted result. Please report what does and doesn't work.

Possibly interesting/useful ..
http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0508/0508210.pdf

Best wishes,
-C2.
Good Elf
Hi All especially "THEY", "THEY 2" and Mr_Homm,

Excellent idea. Nothing like a practical approach. It will be interesting to get some large scale results. The problem will be making accurate slits as stated. "Thank you for smoking" biggrin.gif

Cheers

PS: Be very careful with your eyes. Most laser pointers are around 1mw and that should be enough. 5mw is a little bit too strong especially if you are not sporting "shades". Do not be attracted to stare into the beam "little moths", it is not a healthy thing to do. You will not realize just how much damage you are doing and because eyes are insensitive around 660nm it might seem that you are not doing anything important at all. Just be aware that these lasers are exceedingly bright sources and very concentrated. You would not stare at the sun so do not stare into lasers either. The direct beam is the most dangerous so you can always avoid that.

http://www.laserinstitute.org/publications.../laser_pointer/
Soultechs
[removed]

Could you have a look at my post`s `Force fields' and give an Quantum learned perspective opinion to my postulations? Pls.
"THEY"
Thank you all again for the info, esp. Mr Homm! Nice to "see" you again!

One update, after messing with smoked glass, I have decided to stick with the aluminum foil. But after I make the cuts, I smoke the foil so I no longer am frying my eyesight. biggrin.gif cool.gif Foil makes very nice slits. It is so easy to cut it perfectly. Trying to scratch slits on the glass was rather.... difficult........ I wasn't able to get anything from the slits! Far too fat and squigly.

I will keep you guys posted. Thanks again!
janrinze
Hi all,

I just had a thought about the duality problem.

what if a particle is riding on a wave.

The wave would follow the rules of the DS experiment and the particle would sit comfortably in the 'trench' of a wavefront. Once the wave interferes the particle is bound to be repelled from certain places and will be found in conjunction to the interference pattern.

The thing to consider here is that a particle sitting 'comfortable' means that it will be in 'phase' with the wave. disturbing the particle will disturb its position in respect to the wave and result in an incoherent state thus unable to reveal the interference pattern.

The wave would have originated simultaneously with the particle and is 'coupled' to it somehow. It could simply be a wave coherent to the particle but within the zero point fluctuation field.

The particle would be allowed to pass through either slit without the necessity to pass through both!

Jan Rinze.
P.S. this is a very crude 'gedanken experiment' but it sounds pretty valid for now..
P.P.S. if the wave would be similar to waves generated by ships, this could be a simple replacement for the explanation of inertia.
P.P.P.S I know this won't hold up scientifically but it is just a direction of thoughts.
Laserlight
Hi Jan,

Interesting thought.

How would you explain phasing and polarization with your model?

Your concept is aligning somewhat with Zephir's concept of a ship with
a wave "wake" that radiates outward from a displacement caused by
energy moving thru and displacing the "medium" in which it is traveling.

Your "model" would fit for an electron. A spinning, monopole particle could
generate such fields like a dynamo or generator effect especially in the presence
of an opposite charge, where the developed "fields" would be mutually
regenerative and "captive". How such a monopole would react in free space
is the question. It would imply that space has some net charge associated with
it that supports and sustains the development of crossing fields....

Comments?
LL
janrinze
Hi LL,

There is a certain problem with the model.

The wave propagates with one constant velocity which is contradictory to the variable possible speeds the electron could have.

In the example of the 'boat' the wake and the bow-wave are generated by a physical displacement of water.. waves on water have a velocity related to the depth of the water.

Here the velocity of the wave needs to match the velocity of the particle which I have not yet accounted for. If the wave would travel at light-speed (EM or other) then it would not be a viable solution for the 'wave-riding' effect.

The wave cannot be attributed to EM type waves since the DS experiment works equally well for non-charged particles or even non-dipole particles.
In all the wave must be more generically related to mass and be therefore either gravity related or some other unknown origin.

If mass generates gravity we might be able to say that there is a gravity wave on which the particle is riding. It might even be its own wave..

The second possibility is that there is a fundamental principle revealed by EM which shows that for every field there should be a antagonist. Like magnetism is induced by electrical fields (Maxwell) we could define an induction field generated by moving mass. There is a proposal somewhere to call this a gravitomagnetic field. If such a field exists it might very well be the base for the wave on which the particles are 'riding' and causing the results in the DS experiment.

So now we need some math to show that we can create such a wave which travels a t the same speed as the particle. The wave will interfere and influence the behavior of the particle so it will look as if the particle was behaving like a wave.

Still a very rough draft of ideas, no real model here.

Comparing to the idea's of Zephir, his models are more or less based on a direct comparison of waves on water. Waves on water behave profoundly different from EM or other similar waves since their speed is very slow compared to the speed of boats on the water..

Jan Rinze.


Laserlight
Hi Jan,

Thanks for the reply.

Your model would imply that the size of the particle aspect of a photon would be
proportional to the EM wave energy on which it propagates. Since we have yet to
measure a physical particle size that can be associated with any size photon, that
suggests that a photon possesses a trans-dimensional characteristic that GE is
so fond of.

Some things to consider for comparative purposes....

For an electron:

A negatively charged electron will always move towards a postive charge and
away from a negative charge. An electron has intrinsic mass.

A free electron in space is influenced by an electric field or a magnetic field.
This infers that either the net negative charge of the electron is purely sensitive to
field polarity, or its normally symmetric EM wave is "warped"/distorted as it
interacts with an externally applied field which causes a vector change in flight
direction. The amount of deflection from a straight line of flight is determined by
the density/flux and polarity of the applied field strength and the velocity of the
electron. The higher the E or H field "density"/polarity the more deflection that is
applied to the electron.

A free electron will impart energy and charge upon contact with matter.

For a photon:

A photon is massless (non-measurable).

A photon has no net charge and is not affected by discrete E or H fields in free
space, but is affected by gravity, which is the warpage of space that is
induced by the proximity to, and density of, matter.

A photon of specific frequency can be absorbed, reflected, or pass thru the
different energy states of matter, depending upon the density and atomic
structural alignment of the matter it is interacting with and the energy that the
photon contains.

If a photon is absorbed it imparts all of its energy content to matter which displaces
an electron that can either flow as current, or it will re-emit another photon. If the
photon is reflected, the energy in equals the energy out, there is no net loss of
energy of the photon. If the matter is transparent to the frequency of the photon
it will pass thru, energy intact.

Atomic matter is frequency responsive/sensitive to specific photonic frequencies.
------

These characteristics infer how waves are influenced by different, externally
applied forces.

Comments?
LL
fivedoughnut
Jan/ LL etc,

You seem to be on my 'wavelength' @ the mo' biggrin.gif with current musings: photon as embedded wavicle riding on their parental (electron) wave-state front.


Wavicle stuff.
Guest
Can you use an array of solar panels or similar devices for detectors, measuring sectional detection points on the back board?

If you consider the 360 angular degrees of a wave, 360 wave packets that have the same energy from source to destination per angular degree or “packet”. The energy wave only dilutes in ISL space occupation further from the source, each circumference degree of the angular arch width radius increases over ISL further from the source. Does a wave contain the same energy per volume/area degree, no matter what distance form the source?
janrinze
Hi LL,

I am obviously not explicit enough.
My proposal does NOT imply that matter rides on EM waves. It does not travel at light speed so it has to be some other wave.

On the topic of waves:
any wave would do actually, as long as the speed of the wave would be matching the speed of the particle.

For all other influences the 'normal' Maxwell equations still apply on top of the measure interference due to this unknown wave when we are looking at electrons.
So EM has influence on the electron next to this newly proposed wave.
This is necessary since neutrons will exhibit the same wave/particle duality and will not be influenced by EM fields!

So if you want to understand the DS experiment please refrain from using EM as the base for the interference. In QM the term probability distribution applies to the interference pattern and has absolutely nothing to do with EM!

EM just happens to show wave characteristics but if we would go that route we cannot explain any of the non-charged and non-dipole particles in respect to the DS experiment.

In regard to your 'deflection' of electrons I really prefer Maxwell which makes it perfectly calculable and is still regarded as the base for charge/magnetic interaction.

Jan Rinze.

P.S. the gravito magnetism follows the same rules as the Maxwell equations. just try and replace charge with mass and magnetism with the gravito-magnetism. Mu and epsilon need to be replaced by the gravitational constant and some other 'new' constant..
Soultechs
WOW: Electrons Surfing C Waves. Are there Larger Particles/objects that could surf like that? I'm thinking in terms of:
`Propulsion Systems'/
`Particle Teleportation Systems'
`Electronics Systems'
`Weapons Systems/ Particle beams'
janrinze
Hi Soultechs,

QUOTE

WOW: Electrons Surfing C Waves. Are there Larger Particles/objects that could surf like that?


I have no idea what C waves are..

The DS experiment has been proven for bucky-balls so I guess it is a yes to larger particles/objects being able to surf waves in my proposed gedanken experiment.

Jan Rinze.
P.S. the spellingchecker does not know the word 'proven' so I guess it should have been something else.
Soultechs
I have just remembered something from someone's post a year ago. Bucky-Ball as you mention are some sot of an 60 carbon atom molecule. Yes meaning something like that. Perhaps I misunderstood what was being discussed but. One of the lines gave me the implied impression that paticles ride in the troughs and crests of ligh/electromagnetic wave. When I mentioned C waves i meant electromagnetic wave at the speeD of C(light). Thus crafting my grammar along the analogy of surfing sea waves> Yes, could larger particles like bucky-balls, molecules ride on electromagetic wave propagations
Laserlight
Hi Jan,

QUOTE
So if you want to understand the DS experiment please refrain from using EM as the base for the interference. In QM the term probability distribution applies to the interference pattern and has absolutely nothing to do with EM!

EM just happens to show wave characteristics but if we would go that route we cannot explain any of the non-charged and non-dipole particles in respect to the DS experiment.


We definitely see things from different perspectives and is a basis for discussion.
I am open to critique of my commentary.

Probablility distribution just means the likelihood of an event occurring over some
finite time base when using a closed set of possible solutions. Basically, it is the
predictability of the odds of an event occurring given a closed set of variables,
under a fixed set of conditions.

The reason that I believe that it is necessary to use EM for determining an
interference pattern for the DSE, is that the phase angle rotation of each E and H
field represents the closed set of possible variables over a fixed time base of one
full rotation. This provides closed loop symmetry for the set of possible
solutions. There will always be a fixed circular relationship to the wave
mechanics. A wave is merely the "linear" energy distribution of a circular function
over a fixed time base as the circle periodically rotates. That is how a sine wave
represents a circle over a time base.

A wave can also be considered a circular energy displacement phenomenon and
the phase relationship that exists between different waves of the same frequency
represents a solution at a fixed point in time at a fixed point in space. I see no
way to separate EM phase angle characteristics from interference in the DSE.

Perhaps I missed your point.

I purposefully erased comments on neutral particles that I had written in my prior
post, since I am unsure of the inherent wave properties of a particle with balanced
net "internal" charges, since externally applied EM fields obviously have no effect
on them.

One characteristic that I think can be assigned to neutral particles is that they
have "volume" and mass and displace space. If they have mass and displace
space then they must have a gravitational "field" component that can be
assigned to them.

Comments? Discussion?
LL
Laserlight
Hi Guest,

I think I understand what you are trying to do/imply.

The velocity of all photons is always the same... the speed of light "c" but the
energy of each discrete photon is determined by its frequency/wavelength of
propagation which is an energy distribution over area vs time characteristic.

I've also asked the question of what the energy that a quantum photon of specific frequency
is really telling us. Do all photons really contain the same amount/quantum of energy that
is just distributed over different physical surface areas
, according to their
specific frequency? We are looking at force per unit area. P = F/A

An example: if we have 5 pounds of total force applied from some
source but vary the contact surface area over which that force is applied, then the
pressure applied at the distributed point of contact will be vary inversely according
the area over which the force is applied.

The smaller the total area that a fixed amount of force is applied to, the higher the
pressure that is applied to that area.

If the energy quantum of all photon's is the relatively the same, then the area
over which that quantum of energy is applied is determined by the frequency at
which that photon is propagating.

High frequencies represent a small overall surface area where a fixed amount of
energy is concentrated, so the total force applied across a surface area is inversely
proportional to the frequency of the photon.

Does this make sense? I am open for correction on this idea.
LL
janrinze
Hi LL,

If EM is the base for the DS experiment you might try to create an interference pattern based on radio transmitters and see if electrons will behave accordingly to that pattern...

The reason that the DS experiment works is because of a wave characteristic of the particle itself. This is an inherent property and works for all particles.

So no, the EM explanation will definitely not do for the DS experiment.

In reverse: any wave that propagates through a DS setup (provided the wavelength is smaller than the slits) will create an interference pattern. The problem lies with the particles here.

If you could envision a wave made up of 'likelihood' so that the interference pattern implies probability for a particle to be detected you might be closest to the QM interpretation i.m.h.o.

For plain EM waves of course the DS experiment will remain just a EM interference pattern.

Then again we might just be barking up the same tree..

Jan Rinze.
Laserlight
Hi Jan,

Arf, Arf! In some respects you are correct regarding "barking up the same tree".

It has never been proven that a photon is a particle, though it is widely accepted
from a theoretical perspective. What we do know is that a photon has definite
wave characteristics while propagating, which is the basis of all scientific
development for photonic freqency analytical equipment and transmission/reciever
electronics. If you think about it, the particle aspect of a photon is never detected
until the wavefunction collapses when it is absorbed by matter. (a point of
contention from a previous argument)

Once the energy of a wave displaces a receiving electron, there is a conversion
where the potential energy inherent in an atom is changed to the kinetic energy of
motion for the electron. This happens because of the energy contained in the
wave. So we go from a pure wave momentum energy transfer to a physical
particle displacement transfer. To me, that is the particle aspect of the wave that
only occurs at that point of electron dislocation caused by resonance.

QUOTE
If EM is the base for the DS experiment you might try to create an interference pattern based on radio transmitters and see if electrons will behave accordingly to that pattern...



Regarding your radio transmitters and interference. Elecron "response" has to do
with how the wave energy at a specific frequency displaces the electrons in a
resonantly tuned antenna dipole, or a "series" of resonantly tuned dipoles.

Radiating EM energy fields induce voltages and currents into the dipole that is
some even increment of the wave size. The electrons in the dipole oscillate in
harmony (resonate) with the electrical component of the EM energy applied. If the
antenna is receiving two competing or out of phase signals there is interference or
cancellation that is the summation of the two signals. Have you ever heard two
AM radio stations overlapping at the same frequency? This is definitely
interference occuring between two separate EM signals
that have been
combined into one composite output signal which cannot be
discriminated/separated. All of the electrons in the resonant antenna circuit are
"in phase" with the sum of the composite applied signal(s).

If you apply the above scenario to photonic EM waves that are overlapping at a
fixed atomic dipole location, you will get the same result. Interference is caused
by signal mixing/summing of energy at a fixed resonant location. So, EM phasing
at a point of atomic signal mixing determines the vector sum (displacement) of the
electron.

When you think about it, the physical geometry of the DSE is fixed, and the timing
of each individual coherent wavefront is "fixed" but spatially separated, which
introduces a timing offset to the phases between the separated wavefronts. Those
waves will always interfere at the same general fixed location according to the
summation of their phases at that fixed location. The only thing that produces
a probability "variable" to the final solution is the phase relationship of each
wave which is determined by the distance that they are travelling to a fixed
point(s) of overlap.

Basically, you have a fixed set of probablilities for each wavefunction that
represent the phase and timing that determines when and where the two waves
can interfere within a fixed resonant geometry. That is how the probablility
function develops a distributed pattern over some timebase.

FWIW, I am enjoying this theoretical discussion of different viewpoints.

I welcome opposing viewpoints.
LL
TRoc
Hi all,


First, before I forget again: LL, I have not received any PM's from you. Maybe you should try again?


I have some questions and comments from recent posts. It is nice to see more new posters, too. I hope the THEYlab is running fine.

Montec has a very agreeable short draft with this post:
QUOTE
“1. Harmonic coupling is the most efficient way to transfer energy from one system to another.

2. The photonic effect (for lack a a better word) is a purely local effect that transfers energy from one system (EM waves) to another (matter) or the reverse. The amount of energy transfered is directly linked to the system harmonics.

3. If there are no harmonic conditions for a given frequency of the EM radiation that encounters some substance then there is no transfer of energy and that substance is transparent for that given EM radiation frequency.

4. Refraction of a wave is the result of a relative slowing between different sections of the wave front. The amount of refraction is wavelength dependent. Interference within the refraction is caused by changing harmonic conditions at the wave/matter boundary. A sharp edge works better than a rounded edge.”



I would add that current theory does not have a way to address this “harmonic” interaction, and my model of Resonance shows promise here.

I don’t follow this, however, Montec:
QUOTE (->
QUOTE
“1. Harmonic coupling is the most efficient way to transfer energy from one system to another.

2. The photonic effect (for lack a a better word) is a purely local effect that transfers energy from one system (EM waves) to another (matter) or the reverse. The amount of energy transfered is directly linked to the system harmonics.

3. If there are no harmonic conditions for a given frequency of the EM radiation that encounters some substance then there is no transfer of energy and that substance is transparent for that given EM radiation frequency.

4. Refraction of a wave is the result of a relative slowing between different sections of the wave front. The amount of refraction is wavelength dependent. Interference within the refraction is caused by changing harmonic conditions at the wave/matter boundary. A sharp edge works better than a rounded edge.”



I would add that current theory does not have a way to address this “harmonic” interaction, and my model of Resonance shows promise here.

I don’t follow this, however, Montec: “..incandescent light bulb projected though a green filter. Since the spectrum of the bulb is, in part, dependent on the temperature of the filament one can statistically postulate the green photons seen by the double slits to only occur one at a time. IE reducing the current to the filament will reduce the green photon output from the filter.”
All I can say is, if we tune the detectors to reject the dark current, and count “what we SEE as minimum light” as 1 “photon”, that’s not going to work either. It takes more than 1 “photon” to activate our vision to the point of “seeing”. Yes, we can “red-shift” the green light, but we can not lower the current down to “1 photon” range unless we can also take the number of electrons in the filament down into the range of “1”.


C2, you responded “No initial assumption is made about wavelength ..”. That is precisely what I just said was NOT the case. That WAVELENGTH itself, as a measurement, can NOT be done DIRECTLY on a “photon” of optical size. Our tiny calipers. So to speak, do not get that small. I forget exactly where this takes place, but it is around the GHz level. Yes, Young could infer wavelength from the ratio of fringes (light to dark), and that is still the method, “inference” from interference.

The point is, that when making the generalization that the slit width = 1 wavelength, then the ratio of slit width/slit spacing is equivalent to wavelength/slit spacing. This brings the other 2 ratios involved into direct proportions: fringe pattern spacing to slit to screen distance, and the diffraction (bright spot) width to slit separation.

As I said in the beginning of this thread, I can do the inverse method of the wavelength (distance), and use frequency. This should not be hard to understand. We just plug in our constant, c , and use a time of flight approach (which is constant). Now, as we force the wave “off axis” with slit separation, we increase the pathlength. If we respect the constant velocity model, then we must adjust the velocity of these longer path lengths, so we maintain constant time of flight. You can go the other route, and “adjust time”, while keeping the velocity the same. Either way, we want to end up with a change in frequency, which will be in direct proportion to the width of the center bright band.


I also noticed that Mr. Homm showed the 4-fold increase in intensity, which is the number of “photons”, from interference. This means, in that model, there are more “photons” hitting the screen, as are going through the slits. We have covered this before, but I don't think everyone is on the same page yet. Anybody who doesn’t want to believe: that “photons” are divisible, they interact and can interfere, are "particles", or that “path length” can account for that needs to put on their thinking cap and explain these things.


regards,

T.Roc


Laserlight
Hi TRoc,

As usual you are stirring the pot! This is a good thing, it stimulates discussion
and understanding.

Never mind the PM, you were just "out of the loop" for an extended time.



QUOTE
As I said in the beginning of this thread, I can do the inverse method of the wavelength (distance), and use frequency. This should not be hard to understand. We just plug in our constant, c , and use a time of flight approach (which is constant). Now, as we force the wave “off axis” with slit separation, we increase the pathlength. If we respect the constant velocity model, then we must adjust the velocity of these longer path lengths, so we maintain constant time of flight. You can go the other route, and “adjust time”, while keeping the velocity the same. Either way, we want to end up with a change in frequency, which will be in direct proportion to the width of the center bright band.


I agree with most of this until the last sentence. If wavelength stays the same,
frequency stays the same. Since we have a 2D detection screen and different
path lengths then equal "parts" of the wave are traveling until they meet at a
point of detection on the screen. The time of flight between the two separate
signals is the variable, and will determine the phase summing result at a fixed
physical location across a 2D detector. My point being that the fixed phase
and fixed timing of each separate "spherical" wavefront signal is being
detected/summed at a different relative time interval, across a varying linear
distance presented by the surface of the detection screen.

Comments?
LL
TRoc
Hi LL,


Maybe I can add some more clarity to this method.


*pathlength=wavelength modes (for the axis).

*increasing the pathlength increases the wavelength, which lowers the frequency.

*the "fundamental" frequency is the source, and the straight path (which is blocked by the slit wall).

*the difference between the fundamental, and the "shifted" frequency is summed with the same signal from the second slit.

*this "Beat-sum", put back into constant ratio (c/Bs) gives us a distance parameter which is directly proportional to the width of the center bright band.

*the first 2 frequencies, plus a beat-frequency interaction for each, gives us a 4-fold increase in "photon" counts (intensity).

*energy is conserved, NOT from summing the energy of the 4 "photons", but from a symmetrical mathematical operation of adding back only what was subtracted (delta f from delta d).

*in the end, what is measured "stays the same", but it can not (imo) remain the same during the interaction phase (on the way). This is mathematically, and logically consistent.


regards,

T.Roc

Laserlight
TRoc,

Are you talking 3 wave mixing?


http://phys.strath.ac.uk/12-370/sld051.htm


http://phys.strath.ac.uk/12-370/sld052.htm
http://phys.strath.ac.uk/12-370/sld053.htm
Comments?
LL
Neil Farbstein
QUOTE (TRoc+May 19 2007, 07:22 PM)
Hi all,


First, before I forget again: LL, I have not received any PM's from you. Maybe you should try again?


I have some questions and comments from recent posts. It is nice to see more new posters, too. I hope the THEYlab is running fine.

Montec has a very agreeable short draft with this post:



I would add that current theory does not have a way to address this “harmonic” interaction, and my model of Resonance shows promise here.

I don’t follow this, however, Montec: All I can say is, if we tune the detectors to reject the dark current, and count “what we SEE as minimum light” as 1 “photon”, that’s not going to work either. It takes more than 1 “photon” to activate our vision to the point of “seeing”. Yes, we can “red-shift” the green light, but we can not lower the current down to “1 photon” range unless we can also take the number of electrons in the filament down into the range of “1”.


C2, you responded “No initial assumption is made about wavelength ..”. That is precisely what I just said was NOT the case. That WAVELENGTH itself, as a measurement, can NOT be done DIRECTLY on a “photon” of optical size. Our tiny calipers. So to speak, do not get that small. I forget exactly where this takes place, but it is around the GHz level. Yes, Young could infer wavelength from the ratio of fringes (light to dark), and that is still the method, “inference” from interference.

The point is, that when making the generalization that the slit width = 1 wavelength, then the ratio of slit width/slit spacing is equivalent to wavelength/slit spacing. This brings the other 2 ratios involved into direct proportions: fringe pattern spacing to slit to screen distance, and the diffraction (bright spot) width to slit separation.

As I said in the beginning of this thread, I can do the inverse method of the wavelength (distance), and use frequency. This should not be hard to understand. We just plug in our constant, c , and use a time of flight approach (which is constant). Now, as we force the wave “off axis” with slit separation, we increase the pathlength. If we respect the constant velocity model, then we must adjust the velocity of these longer path lengths, so we maintain constant time of flight. You can go the other route, and “adjust time”, while keeping the velocity the same. Either way, we want to end up with a change in frequency, which will be in direct proportion to the width of the center bright band.


I also noticed that Mr. Homm showed the 4-fold increase in intensity, which is the number of “photons”, from interference. This means, in that model, there are more “photons” hitting the screen, as are going through the slits. We have covered this before, but I don't think everyone is on the same page yet. Anybody who doesn’t want to believe: that “photons” are divisible, they interact and can interfere, are "particles", or that “path length” can account for that needs to put on their thinking cap and explain these things.


regards,

T.Roc

what' a dark current?
Neil Farbstein
QUOTE (TRoc+May 19 2007, 08:47 PM)
Hi LL,


Maybe I can add some more clarity to this method.


*pathlength=wavelength modes (for the axis).

*increasing the pathlength increases the wavelength, which lowers the frequency.

*the "fundamental" frequency is the source, and the straight path (which is blocked by the slit wall).

*the difference between the fundamental, and the "shifted" frequency is summed with the same signal from the second slit.

*this "Beat-sum", put back into constant ratio (c/Bs) gives us a distance parameter which is directly proportional to the width of the center bright band.

*the first 2 frequencies, plus a beat-frequency interaction for each, gives us a 4-fold increase in "photon" counts (intensity).

*energy is conserved, NOT from summing the energy of the 4 "photons", but from a symmetrical mathematical operation of adding back only what was subtracted (delta f from delta d).

*in the end, what is measured "stays the same", but it can not (imo) remain the same during the interaction phase (on the way). This is mathematically, and logically consistent.


regards,

T.Roc

Unless things are getting very intense the energy is almost constant sometimes.
TRoc
Hi LL,

QUOTE
Are you talking 3 wave mixing?

Specifically, no. Right now I am not. I have mentioned that connection several times, however. What is usually termed "Four-wave mixing" (4WM) is better termed "3 wave mixing". 4WM and my "3+ wave Resonant Mixing"(RM) are similar, and both parametric processes.

One difference being, that in 4WM, f_3 (w_3) is configured to be resonant with f_1 and f_2, which are set to an energy level, for example, in an atom. This interaction is geared towards the measurement (collapse). Whereas, in a chord, for example, all 3 frequencies are chosen for the overall resonance of the dynamical interaction. This interaction is geared towards a real-time, on the way "measurement". After all, one person listening to a chord, does not "collapse it", and mix it then. This dynamic is self-re-enforcing, and cyclical. It is the wave form of the soliton, for example.



Neil,
Dark current is what is present in the detector, when the experiment is "off". This has to be manually "tuned out". In the larger context, this is quite automatic, by definition. We only measure something, not everything. When something is in tune (resonant) with a particular frequency, it is NOT in tune (dissonant) with everything else (except harmonics). What we ever measure, requires a bit of excluding "white noise", or what we do not want to measure.




In trying to count "photons", that can be superimposed (therefore uncountable), on a detector that has a manual over-ride bias current (number of electrons), which converts the frequency to a photoelectron, and goes through a cascade process that is also gated (because of the exponential cascade), there are too many problems here, to believe in the interpretation of the experiment that is now in "the book".

Quick reminder: any energy over the resonant level, in the photo-electric effect, is translated into higher velocity of the ejected electron. Not into more electrons. Since any number of "photons" can be present in the same time and space (superimposed), the energy they contain is also present at that "point" in space-time. Up to the limit of ionization (2x WF), this "extra" energy then, at our detector (that is counting), is translated into faster moving electrons, not MORE electrons. That is the end of the "1 electron = 1 photon" process, that we MUST have for accurate counts.

Oh yeah, one more thing: in the electron counter, FASTER moving electrons kick MORE electrons out in the cascade than the gate is set for. That affect does not get measured either. More "photons" can NOT translate into more electrons, which are what is being counted, at the end of the line.

This equipment is manually set to reproduce the theory (QM).

The LASER is mandatory, at this stage in theory, for the QM interpretation. The LASER is producing a continuous flow of coherent waves, once it has reached the population inversion. This inversion NEVER falters during the experiment. The LASER is NEVER off during the experiment. Any "pulses" created in the beam are CONNECTED by low energy. This low energy can NOT be "seen" by the detector, because it is set to reject the dark current, which in this case, is anything less than resonant with the "single photon" theoretical expectation.


ciao,

T.Roc
Laserlight
Hi Neil,

Dark current, simple explanation:

It is the threshold bias level (sensitivity) of the PMT tube just below the
photon energy detection level. It is adjusted to eliminate spurious tube
noise that might give false photon counts. Current is flowing thru the
tube to keep it operating, but the device is not registering detected
current flow until a photon is detected.

LL
janrinze
Hi all,

how come I get the feeling that when someone here asks "what is a brick?" that people are starting discussions about different architecture of houses and the socio-economic implications of city planning.

in regard to the resonant theme brought up by many here, how does that explain the energy transfer to an electron from a photon at all if the photon has more energy than the energy required to create a free electron? there cannot be resonance since the frequencies don't match! hence the photo-electric effect by Einstein and the implications of quantum 'packets'..

Jan Rinze.
Laserlight
Hi Jan,

There a whole range of considerations regarding resonance at the atomic scale
and it isn't necessarily just a single "event" of a photon wave dislodging an
electron by a physical/solid collision. A photon must be absorbed by an atom
and this can occur at numerous dipole sites within the shell structure of the atom.

Atoms naturally resonate, according to their energy levels/bands and the number
of interacting available electrons, and they are sensitive to fields or additional
energy that change the normal steady state energy balance that exists at the ground state.
The atomic resonance will change according to the frequency and amount of the
energy absorbed by the atom.


In the matter of the photoelectric effect, there is the issue of electron mobility
in metals, where excess electrons are migrating and being shared throughout the
atomic "lattice"/structure. This can be associated with the energy bandgap where
the valence band overlaps the conduction band. Electric fields applied to high
energy metal atoms stimulates electron mobility and current flow or electron
ejection.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/band.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric...ectric_emission


There are numerous energy shells/bands of electrons around the
nucleus of the atom, each of which can be sensitive to a specific
photon frequency/energy level, according to their placement in the atomic shell
hierarchy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gap

Because of the number of electrons and energy shells there are numerous charge
sensitive potential dipoles in metal atoms. The closer that one is located to the
nucleus, the smaller the physical size of the resonant dipole, and the higher the
frequency that it is sensitive to. So an atom can have multiple sensitivities to
numerous frequencies above some baseline energy/frequency threshold level
that is necessary to "eject" an electron.


I believe that all I have stated is correct, but perhaps someone can provide
a clearer or more concise response and elaborate, or correct, any mistatements
on my part.

I have kept my response brief per the "urging" of Jan's comments about the brick,
but I would point out that this is a complicated subject with many subtleties that
should not be overlooked/ignored, and we have a wide range of readers. tongue.gif

Comments, discussion welcomed!
LL
TRoc
Hi JR,


If there's a "theme", it's probably because that's about all that I talk about! sad.gif

IMO, it is the single most important phenomenon in Physics, and is still not fully understood.

The reason we are talking "about different architecture of houses and the socio-economic implications of city planning", after the question "what is a brick?" is for 2 reasons: because Science does not have a good enough answer for many people, and because this is page 177 of discussing the "brick" that has been tossed by QM as an explanation. If it were simple and logical, this conversation would not still be going on. tongue.gif


At any rate, since the topic is quite large, and complex, the discussion will also be, on occasion.


As to your question: ".. if the photon has more energy than the energy required to create a free electron? there cannot be resonance since the frequencies don't match".

Bound energy does not have only one resonance. The "matching" kind, that you mentioned, is the only type that Science works with, but there are other points in the harmonic series, at integer ratios of the fundamental. The example you gave has a limit: 2 . So, the whole thing happens between the fundamental (1f), and its' first harmonic (2f), with the main player (work-function) happening at 1.5f. You can see, because of this symmetry, that we will also have the quarter-wave involved, so add 1.25f, and 1.75f as resonant points as well. The fact is, that in the limit of 2, there are no "null" points; once two local oscillators are within an octave in frequency, they are interacting by resonance.

None of the 3 frequencies necessary to play a chord are the same. Yet, the interaction of the 3 produces resonance, by recreating the fundamental.

The work-function energy is not matching the energy of the incident light, yet is the point where electrons are ejected from metals.



regards,

T.Roc
janrinze
Hi TRoc,

if I would follow your reasoning there would be no objection for an electron to absorb twice 0.75 f and successively become a free electron...

I have to dive back into my textbooks here.. It has been a while.

Jan Rinze.
Montec
Hello TRoc, et al.

TRoc
QUOTE
“..incandescent light bulb projected though a green filter. Since the spectrum of the bulb is, in part, dependent on the temperature of the filament one can statistically postulate the green photons seen by the double slits to only occur one at a time. IE reducing the current to the filament will reduce the green photon output from the filter.”

This is the generally accepted explanation on how to add a "rate" function to the production of green photons. Whether or not this is a "good" way to add a "rate" function to the single photon DSE is open for discussion.


I will go out on a limb here and say that the only way to transfer energy from one system to another is through "harmonic coupling". Be advised that my limb is pretty thick.

Bring out the sharp saws (dull ones will just not do) and have at it.

smile.gif

janrinze
Hi Montec,

I'll have a go at that limb of yours:

Does acceleration through gravity fall in your category of harmonic coupling?
The implications would be very interesting..

Maybe an interesting subject for another thread?

Jan Rinze.
Laserlight
Hi Montec,

QUOTE
I will go out on a limb here and say that the only way to transfer energy from one system to another is through "harmonic coupling". Be advised that my limb is pretty thick.


If two billiard balls collide, is that harmonic coupling? tongue.gif


LL
Confused2
Hi Montec,

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic .. the basic frequency is known as the fundamental, twice that frequency is the second harmonic, 3 x is the third harmonic and so on.

Harmonic coupling .. it isn't clear what frequency you are referring to .. do you mean 'fundamental' coupling?

Probably the simplest model of the atom in which the electrons don't just spiral into the nucleus is the Bohr atom.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_atom

Can you clarify 'harmonic coupling' in this model or perhaps a more complicated one?

Best wishes,
-C2.



TRoc
Hi all,


JR -
QUOTE
..if I would follow your reasoning there would be no objection for an electron to absorb twice 0.75 f and successively become a free electron...


Actually, you would be following the reasoning, and practical implications of Superposition of quanta of energy.

AE simply postulated the numerical evaluation, he offered no other physical interpretation for the photo-electric effect. This was before QM, or the Bohr model, and quantum jumps.

There is absolutely NO guarantee that "photons" are not superposed during the experiment; that we are actually dealing one-on-one in the transaction. There exists a strong probability that we have, on average, two-for-one exchanges.

Theoretical ideas aside, LAPE experimentally establishes what I am saying. I have offed links before on this, and will find one for anyone who missed it before.

http://jilawww.colorado.edu/kmgroup/OPN%20LAPE.pdf

Also, more in general, all of the parametric processes use exactly the same model as what I am saying here. Adding beams of light together to complete quantum jumps, or, injecting 2 transitions worth of energy with a single "photon", and getting 2 lessor energy quanta in return. In fact, the paper that I linked uses parametric steps to go from 800nm to 30nm, which is where they need to be to satisfy the Wf of Pt (111).


ciao,

T.Roc

Confused2
Hi TRoc,
QUOTE (TRoc+)
There is absolutely NO guarantee that "photons" are not superposed during the experiment; that we are actually dealing one-on-one in the transaction. There exists a strong probability that we have, on average, two-for-one exchanges.

It seems you are claiming (again) that the 'count' will not be proportional to 'photons per second'. There are two ways we can test this
1/ Does the counter agree with our prediction? Yes it does.
2/ Is the total number of photons counted with both slits open the same as the sum of the number of photons counted for each individual slit? Yes it is.
What are the chances of that happening if the count is not proportional to 'photons per second'?
QUOTE (me+)

A rather tedious square counting process gives a total of

106 for one slit
112 for the other slit
----
218 Total

209 for both slits open
TRoc
Hi C2,

I don't have time for the reply needed (again). I'll just say:

You are counting dots on a picture. They were put there based on the readouts of their equipment. The equipment has specific components that do the real "counting". It is with THESE PARTS that I am telling you the problem about. Your counting dots on a picture does nothing for this problem.

C2 -
QUOTE
2/ Is the total number of photons counted with both slits open the same as the sum of the number of photons counted for each individual slit?


NO! Look again. The phenomenon at the center band is different. (as are the minimums, in inverse symmetry; that is what keeps the overall count at the end "the same")
User posted image
QUOTE (->
QUOTE
2/ Is the total number of photons counted with both slits open the same as the sum of the number of photons counted for each individual slit?


NO! Look again. The phenomenon at the center band is different. (as are the minimums, in inverse symmetry; that is what keeps the overall count at the end "the same")
User posted image
Figure 5: Comparative Photon Counts Demonstrate the Quantum Paradox

At the central maximum, going from one to two sits quadruples not doubles, the count rate.


Do you have a way to count dots that are directly and perfectly covering another dot? (superposition)

You may also want to re-read the part in your experiment (teachspin) where the DETECTOR SLIT (in addition to the pre-slit, and the main slit) is being used measure small areas at a (long 10sec) time (while blocking the rest). The big picture is never taken.


ciao,

T.Roc


Laserlight
Hi TRoc, C2, and All,

QUOTE
You may also want to re-read the part in your experiment (teachspin) where the DETECTOR SLIT (in addition to the pre-slit, and the main slit) is being used measure small areas at a (long 10sec) time (while blocking the rest). The big picture is never taken.


That is what wasn't explained well in the summary of the experiment. The
total photon counts were being counted by the counter, but only a portion of
the the PMT was being exposed to those photons being counted. So, only
the sliding aperture opening shows where photons hit on the chart, over the
timeframe that it was moving. The rest were blocked by the walls of the aperture.

This does account for the inconsistency in the chart counts. Good find!

LL

Montec
Hello janrinze, Laserlight, Confused2, et al.

janrinze
I do think that there is a "harmonic coupling" involved in gravity which deals with adding momentum to an object from the "stress energy potential" of curved space-time. As for the details, that is a work in progress and another topic.

Laserlight
The interaction between the two billiard balls only involves the electric fields of the balls. At the collision point the electric fields are compressed. The amount of compression depends on the momentum involved in the collision. Compression/relaxation is a harmonic event that couples the transfer of momentum between the billiard balls. The transfer of momentum involves the generation of phonons in the atomic lattice of the balls. "Harmonic coupling" between the lattice atoms via the valence electrons is the mechanism by which phonons travel.

Confused2
The electron falling into the nucleus would involve a energy release/transfer. If there is no "harmonic coupling" of any sort available to facilitate this energy release/transfer then the "falling into the nucleus" will not happen. K capture is the only way, that I have read about, that involves the adsorption of an electron by the nucleus.

There are many ways/methods for "harmonic coupling" to transfer/convert energy from one system to another.

smile.gif
Laserlight
Hi Montec and All,

Good Show!

I agree with your description of energy "coupling" in the case of gravity. After
all, gravity works both ways, as there is force exerted by both masses on each
other. That qualifies as energy coupling.

As for your explanation of the energy transfer via collision of the billiard balls, is
that "coupling" or momentum transfer?..which arguably, is a variation/form
of energy coupling. It does, however, bring up the question of repulsion of
magnetic fields, to which I must give some thought....What kind of coupling
is repulsion, in which case opposing fields should be equally, or proportionately,
distorted according to their relative strengths? Is the energy of opposing magnetic fields coupling or decoupling?


LL
janrinze
Hi LL,

The thing is that I believe that the photon electron interaction is also nothing more than a transfer of momentum (and energy). The fact that the electron can only be stable in certain orbits will result in an almost immediate emission of the photon if the energy does not fit any orbital transition or transition to a free electron. Preservation of momentum will result in the effect that the photon emitted will have the same momentum as the photon that was captured. (This model is flawed for certain transitions but shows potential, especially for reflective materials like metal)

The harmonic coupling for gravitation has captured my imagination, it might show potential for 'wave-riding' under the proper conditions and result into a motion in the opposite direction of the gravitational force..

Anyway, I think we have not gotten any closer to de-mystifying the wave-particle duality. It is still my opinion that if motion creates a wave and that same wave can induce motion we could conclude that the DS experiment for uncharged particles could be explained by such a method. It even could be concluded that there are indeed photons but that they travel with a wave. The wave itself will never be dissipated by any process but the 'particle' or localized energy quantum will.
(the last statement is flawed but for illustrative purposes i have kept it here)

Just some food for thought, no real theories here yet ;-)

It has also come to my attention that at the atomic scale there is no 'proof' of any thing like a particle really does exist. This is merely a projection of our knowledge of the macroscopic world as we perceive it. In reality we hardly ever measure particles we only 'see' the fields surrounding them. And as with almost any field these fields can be 'modulated' to carry waves..

Jan Rinze.
Laserlight
Hi Jan,

QUOTE
The harmonic coupling for gravitation has captured my imagination, it might show potential for 'wave-riding' under the proper conditions and result into a motion in the opposite direction of the gravitational force..


We are on the same "wavelength" on this topic. I had written in some previous
posts reasoning that gravity was the antithesis of energy momentum caused by the
displacement of energy (ala EM waves/light) as it propagates thru space.

Please contemplate my abstract theory on this possibility. Where there is energy
displacement there is gravity opposing that displacement. The denser the energy
content in a region of space, the higher the inverse gravitational component that offsets/opposes that energy/momentum displacement.

I think that you will find that this article will stimulate your interest/curiosity.
http://www.calphysics.org/zpe.html

smile.gif
LL
"THEY"
We have a present for you guys!

User posted image

From THEYlabs (Thanks Troc, that was cute!)

"they"2 sez: Happy dance, happy dance, happy dance, llama llama llama llama llama!!!
"THEY"
And since I am sure you want to know our setup, this was done with pinholes (slits gave a great picture too, but this was the best) the foil was about 1.5 meters away from the camera. I just used the built in camera in my mac, so maybe the lens has things distorted. C2 took his webcam apart, but I am not doing that to my mac! rolleyes.gif And we didn't buy the webcam yet to dismantle. But I am happy with our setup accomplishments. Is it just a cool picture, or did we really capture something DSE?

Did I pass as a teacher? Does "they"2 pass as a student? tongue.gif huh.gif
Neil Farbstein
QUOTE ("THEY"+May 22 2007, 03:57 AM)
We have a present for you guys!

User posted image

From THEYlabs (Thanks Troc, that was cute!)

"they"2 sez: Happy dance, happy dance, happy dance, llama llama llama llama llama!!!

you took heartworm pills by mistake? Where do your lyrics come from THEY?
wAS THAT "idiot birth?" THATS THE FUNNIEST SONG. my caps lock is screwed up.
Good Elf
Hi THEY and THEY2,

Is that two pinholes or four pinholes? Interesting result though.

But remember ...

The Lama

The one-l lama,
He's a priest.
The two-l llama,
He's a beast.
And I will bet
A silk pajama
There isn't any
Three-l lllama.*

-- Ogden Nash

biggrin.gif
Confused2
Hi Montec,
QUOTE (Montec+)
The electron falling into the nucleus would involve a energy release/transfer. If there is no "harmonic coupling" of any sort available to facilitate this energy release/transfer then the "falling into the nucleus" will not happen.

I was hoping you might be relating 'harmonic coupling' to some sort of physical process. If 'harmonic coupling' describes anything that happens and the absence of 'harmonic coupling' describes anything that doesn't happen then you potentially have a statement that is true (by definition) but perhaps not very helpful.

Hi TRoc,
QUOTE
The phenomenon at the center band is different. (as are the minimums, in inverse symmetry; that is what keeps the overall count at the end "the same")

The interference analysis is the same phenomenon everywhere .. if the overall count was not the same then it would be telling us the analysis was incorrect. When prediction and experiment match we take this as confirmation that theory gives the right answer for the particular experiment. The quadruple counts are predicted by the same mechanism as the minima..

In the data shown the maximum number of counts is 240/second .. elsewhere it is suggested that the photomultiplier and the rest of the equipment can count up to (at least) 50,000 photons per second. If the 240 photons are randomly distributed it is certainly possible that one photon will arrive during the dead time created by another and therefore and not be counted .. but it will not happen often. If we check (as I have done) that the total number of counts with both slits open is the sum of the counts with either slit open individually then we can be reasonably sure we are neither inventing extra photons nor losing (many) that ought to be counted. It is (of course) possible that at the precise settings chosen by Teachspin there are compensating errors in the counts .. the counter invents extra photons at the peaks and loses photons at the minima (or vice versa) but this would only apply at one precise setting. If anyone repeated the experiment with a different overall intensity it would immediately be obvious what was going on. It seems Teachspin are selling to schools and colleges and it would not be in their interests to 'fix' results in a way that would be obvious as soon as anyone actually uses the equipment. It is also unlikely that everyone who has ever performed this experiment (by whatever means) would also be a part of a conspiracy to fool TRoc.

Let us assume the photomultiplier is masked by a rectangle of width dx and depth y. The photomultiplier is scanned over a total width W .. the scanned area is therefore Wy. Let the count at any point be P where P is a function of x (where x the position we are taking a measurement). Assuming we scanned across without gaps or overlaps we'd get W/dx measurements and we'd just add them together to get the total count. In reality there may be some overlaps and gaps - we can deal with this by drawing a smooth curve through the points they have given us and measuring the area under the curve (in my case by counting squares) .. which gives the results I have reported elsewhere.

THEY and THEY2,

I love the picture (and the Llama dance). Have you tried black card with holes in? A minor point is that if you line up any pattern so it is square in the camera then people will (or might) suggest it is a banding effect because of the way the cells are laid out in the CCD detector.

Best wishes,
-C2.
"THEY"
QUOTE (Confused2+May 22 2007, 04:35 AM)
A minor point is that if you line up any pattern so it is square in the camera then people will (or might) suggest it is a banding effect because of the way the cells are laid out in the CCD detector.

I was wondering about that..... So it is more of a reflection off the CCDs? I know not using the dismantled webcam (with no lens) wasn't in the "directions", but I thought using the mac was worth a shot.

And yes Good Elf, it was only two pinholes, so that probably proves C2s point.

I have tried using black card but have not been very successful with nice slits. What if I smoked BOTH sides of the aluminum foil so it was black and non reflective on either side?
Confused2
Hi THEY,THEY2,

Thers's two ways of getting these interference thingies. Either you can project them onto a screen and try to take a picture of them - which I guess you've tried and not seen anything. OR . You use the interference generated directly on the camera sensor. I'm fairly sure that ..
If you make two pinholes in black card .. about 0.75mm apart .. stick the card to the front of the laser .. line it up (looking from the side!) so the twinkling is about the same from both slits. Point this at your camera from about 15 cm .. focus set to infinity (might have to fiddle with this*) .. you'll probably see the characteristic interference fringes at right angles to a line drawn between the two pinholes. Smoked foil might work but black card is a much simpler thing to try.

Something like this..
User posted image

Best wishes,
-C2.

*you're looking for interference rather than an image of the pinholes - out of focus will probably work better than in focus so try focus at minimum if infinity doesn't work.
"THEY"
Ok I was to pay bills during my lunch break, but instead I went through C2's posting history and found ALL the pictures (including the best ones that I didn't see before!) So now I understand better what this is to look like. The pictures I remembered seeing were talking about diffraction... So call my pretty picture our first example of the diffraction of our camera! wink.gif And now I see why you want me to use black card. Do you think aluminum foil smoked on both sides might work as well? It sure makes nice pinholes and slits...... But I will try both when we have time to play next.

Also, I did not READ your posts, but I did notice you said the slits were four inches away from the camera? Did you guys tell me to back up to at least a meter to be able to see with my eyes? Just a little cornfused...... unsure.gif Please let me know if I need to be closer to camera or not. Remember, this is a woman who was never lucky enough to have taken a physics class, and a 12 year old kid that is 4 years away from doing this in any classroom! So call us Dumb and Dumber if you wish! rolleyes.gif

Sew... When I shine the laser on the wall (through the slits) it actually creates a long thin line about a centimeter long or a little more. On the edges it turns more to dots than a solid line. Is THIS what I need to be attempting to shine on the camera? All help greatly appreciated! It is hard being the student AND teacher!
"THEY"
Pfffffffttt! We were posting at the same time! laugh.gif

Thanks for the info. It will probably be a couple days before I can post any results again. A friend ran out of town on an emergency and how I have to take care of their horses... Which I know little about! sad.gif So they2 will be getting lessons tonight on equine care, not DSE...
"THEY"
Change of plans, no horses, we're home! cool.gif

I am at my wits end.... I can't reproduce anything even remotely similar to your picture! I can't even see anything shining on the wall in a dark corner. Not even with black card.

The closest I can come is (the laser making a bullet in the center) a dotted star pattern radiating outward. unsure.gif

I assume part of the problem is that I am attempting to use the Macintosh camera, which has a nice thick plastic cover. But I can't see anything even shining on the wall. BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD!
OldWoman1904
QUOTE (Confused2+May 22 2007, 01:09 PM)
Hi THEY,THEY2,

Thers's two ways of getting these interference thingies. Either you can project them onto a screen and try to take a picture of them - which I guess you've tried and not seen anything. OR . You use the interference generated directly on the camera sensor. I'm fairly sure that ..
If you make two pinholes in black card .. about 0.75mm apart .. stick the card to the front of the laser .. line it up (looking from the side!) so the twinkling is about the same from both slits. Point this at your camera from about 15 cm .. focus set to infinity (might have to fiddle with this*) .. you'll probably see the characteristic interference fringes at right angles to a line drawn between the two pinholes. Smoked foil might work but black card is a much simpler thing to try.

Something like this..
User posted image

Best wishes,
-C2.

*you're looking for interference rather than an image of the pinholes - out of focus will probably work better than in focus so try focus at minimum if infinity doesn't work.

whoa...dude...that is so cool!

that's what you guys do?

experiments.....that's cool....

but if i were a scientist....i think i may be lazy....if someone did the experiment, i wouldnt do it over.....why?

blink.gif

ahem....may i add the perspective of an amateur?

that looks like bamboo.....like bars....waves....

light is a wave.....

hey, what's waving?

and if the wall were bumpy? what does that look like?

biggrin.gif
"THEY"
User posted image


biggrin.gif

Confused2
Llama llama llama biggrin.gif
How?
Best wishes -C2.
Good Elf
Hi THEY,

Excellent result... Brilliant. You have produced "almost perfect" pinholes. How did you produce them so "cleanly"? How did you take the picture?

Cheers

PS: Here is one technique that seems possible to reproduce on your kitchen table from a reasonably reliable source (NASA) using easily obtainable materials (bulldog clips and an ordinary plane mirror costing a buck at most)...
Seeing Interference
This setup is as seen very instructive and uses simple easily obtainable materials...
User posted image
... Click to enlarge...

This picture gives a secure method of mounting and operation and you can see "everything" including the $5 laser pointer and "screen".

Here is what is expected using these materials and the use of "slits"...
User posted image
... Click to enlarge... single slit (although it "looks" like a double slit pattern to me)...

Double slit...
User posted image
... Click to enlarge...

As noted this is what happens with the slits...
Double slit and single slit diffraction compared

When I get a bit of time I will give it a try too. I must say the actual taking of these pictures would have been the most interesting information to find.

Cheers
TRoc
Hi all,


Another common theme of mine is "Redundancy" in Physics, and the need to clean up (streamline) all of the data that we have into a better system. In the beginning of this thread, I mentioned the many duplicate terms used for "Resonance". "Coupling" is one of them. Needless to say, I agree with Montec's last post, but wonder why he thinks he's "out on a limb" for saying this.


Coupling is just another word for "INTERACTION".


Harmonic coupling would be an interaction based on Resonance. I think everyone knows where I stand on that. tongue.gif

In "classical Physics", we have vibrational and rotational interactions, with resonant points where these values are degenerate, or equal. Included in classical Physics and vibrational coupling, should have been Music. Euler made the last "stab" at this, but did not make a satisfactory package. Had this interaction been accurately and completely defined, Quantum Theory would not exist as we know it (perhaps not at all).

Instead, we have a collection of interactions, with various names and combinations, like "spin-spin coupling", "spin-orbit coupling", or "vibrational" and "vibronic" as combined effects. The resonant interactions of the vibronic coupling lead to organized (geometrical) "surface jumping", which becomes known as "Berry Phase" then.

Enough on coupling.


C2's last post -
QUOTE
The interference analysis is the same phenomenon everywhere .. if the overall count was not the same then it would be telling us the analysis was incorrect.


No, I'm afraid it is just your analysis that is incorrect. The interference is not the same "everywhere". Are you even looking at the charts you have been basing you life on over the last year? laugh.gif (just joking)

Let's look again:
User posted image

This is a basic chart; the 2 parameters being graphed her are "Event rate from photomultiplier, in counts per second" on the vertical axis, and "Detector slit positions, in millimeters", on the horizontal axis.

When I said "you're counting dots, not "photons", I wasn't being coy. I mean you have given us a count for "dots", and each dot must be multiplied by the vertical column values. So, you need to multiply each dot by the number of counts that it represents (at that position).
QUOTE (->
QUOTE
The interference analysis is the same phenomenon everywhere .. if the overall count was not the same then it would be telling us the analysis was incorrect.


No, I'm afraid it is just your analysis that is incorrect. The interference is not the same "everywhere". Are you even looking at the charts you have been basing you life on over the last year? laugh.gif (just joking)

Let's look again:
User posted image

This is a basic chart; the 2 parameters being graphed her are "Event rate from photomultiplier, in counts per second" on the vertical axis, and "Detector slit positions, in millimeters", on the horizontal axis.

When I said "you're counting dots, not "photons", I wasn't being coy. I mean you have given us a count for "dots", and each dot must be multiplied by the vertical column values. So, you need to multiply each dot by the number of counts that it represents (at that position).
106 for one slit
112 for the other slit
----
218 Total

209 for both slits open


You have 427 multiplications to do. OK, you could do half, and multiply x2, since the pattern is symmetrical.

ORRRRR,

you could just use this chart, which shows the computed values:
User posted image

Clearly here, you can see, at the center maxima, 2400 "photons" from both slits open, and 600 from either slit open individually. At the minima points, something VERY different: 100 "photons" from both slits open, and 600 from either slit open individually.

Also note the increase at the rate increase by area. Is our source CHANGING the rate at which "photons" are sent? NO !! That is why I am saying that mathematical manipulation is not physical counting. How many "photons" are being SENT?? This is the critical value to compare with our "detectors".

ciao,

T.Roc




Confused2
Hi TRoc,

Take the graph here:-
http://www.teachspin.com/instruments/two_s..._combiplot2.gif

Imagine drawing in horizontal lines every hundred counts on the vertical axis. Now vertical lines for every 0.2mm advance on the horizontal axis. Looking at the actual interference graph we can see that the average number of counts between (say) 4.4mm and 4.6mm is 'about' 400 (or 4 boxes). Between 4.6mm and 4.8mm we might guess the average number of counts is 900 (or 9 boxes). If we start the process at the left and continue to the right, adding up the boxes as we go we're going to end up with a total number of boxes. Each vertical block of boxes represents the average counts over (say) 0.2.mm and the total number of boxes represents the total number of counts across the scanned area. - also (not un-coincidentally) the area under the curve. OK so far?

Once you realize you're just measuring the area under the curves then any method that does this will do. If we had access to the original data then we could use the data to compute a (better) estimate of the area under each curve - but we don't.

If we repeat the area measuring process for each of the curves we get three numbers .. in my case I find the area under the curves to be 106, 118 and 218 (boxes) where each number is k times the actual number of counts and 'k' is the same in all three cases. Adding the first two we get 224 and we notice that this is remarkably close to the 218 which I measured for the interference curve. Conclusion - within the accuracy of the method we can claim that no photons appear to have been 'lost'.

Does that clarify what I did and why I did it?

Best wishes,
-C2.

Edit .. We could ask ourselves whether trees (and photons) still fall even when there is nobody there to see them unsure.gif .. but I'm not going to do it unless forced into it smile.gif .
"THEY"
We gave up on the Mac, so just started playing with dots on the wall. I found that the lines became visible at 6 feet, so we moved the laser to 15 feet. The circle in the picture is about an inch across, and the picture was taken with my camera with a macro lens.

When I make a pinhole, I twist the pin before pulling it back out, that is how the holes get so round. And this time it was black card.

I found the lines also appear with the smoked foil, but not plain aluminum foil. I will probably take pictures of a few different setups before I throw the foil away. I will post them if you guys want.

I am glad that this works so well without the webcam, because now I don't have to drag the mac to "they"2's classroom.

Good Elf, the pictures you posted.... that is exactly what my laser looked like with non smoked aluminum foil slits. When we tried the paper with pinholes last night, it looked like a laser dot instead, so I didn't think it would work. But voila! I will have to try to get something to look like that again and photograph it.

Also, my setup is about as basic as the one you posted too. I will post a picture of my setup too if you wish. What I did was (since I do accounting) I ran out of paper tape the other day on my adding machine, and realized the plastic core appeared to be the same inside diameter as my laser, so I took it home instead of tossing it. It fits perfectly, and sliding the laser inside the core also pushes the button down (bonus!). Then I put the foil or paper on the end of the tube. I would imagine the clips holds the button on the laser too. With my setup the tip of the laser is between 1 to 3 cm away from the slits, and can be moved closer to the slits if necessary.

Thank you EVERYONE for helping us get her science project classroom ready.

Wow, it only took 2 hours for me to type this! rolleyes.gif sucks posting from work! ph34r.gif
Confused2
QUOTE (THEY+)
Good Elf, the pictures you posted.... that is exactly what my laser looked like with non smoked aluminum foil slits.


Oooooooh dear ... ooooooh dear ... if I'd got that I'd have been a very happy bunny. I've NEVER had a result like that sad.gif . If I'd had a result like that then I wouldn't have had to mess up my webcam sad.gif . Is it possible that I may have (accidentally) misled someone? Ooooooh dear. Humble apologies if so.

-C2.
"THEY"
Aluminum foil doesn't work anywhere as well as card for what I posted last night! No misleading done! But I will play around with different slit configurations and different materials for "they"2 to figure out the "why". And now that I know how *I* can photograph, I will post anything you guys want to see. Let me know! But if not, then I am back to being a (somewhat) silent observer! rolleyes.gif I have accomplished what I needed.
Confused2
Hi THEY,

Thanks for the 'no blame'. Just a point though ... The slits in the NASA pictures that GE has posted are vertical slits .. the diffraction expands horizontally. I can get an image of a slit but I can't see any diffraction. Since those pictures come from NASA I reckon they've used alien technology ph34r.gif to make their slits and are just pretending it's easy. I'll leave it to THEY2 to prove me wrong - photographic evidence would be appreciated.

Best wishes -C2.
janrinze
QUOTE (TRoc+May 23 2007, 03:50 PM)

you could just use this chart, which shows the computed values:
User posted image

Clearly here, you can see, at the center maxima, 2400 "photons" from both slits open, and 600 from either slit open individually.  At the minima points, something VERY different: 100 "photons" from both slits open, and 600 from either slit open individually.

Also note the increase at the rate increase by area.  Is our source CHANGING the rate at which "photons" are sent?  NO !!  That is why I am saying that mathematical manipulation is not physical counting.  How many "photons" are being SENT??  This is the critical value to compare with our "detectors".

ciao,

T.Roc

Hi Troc,

The math still adds up though 2500 vs (1800+1800) seems wrong. but if you would look better at the patterns the reference of the count is done at the first and second maximum. If one would do a full count on all the area's it would show that more are counted towards the center with a two slit setup and less at the outer fringes. The total though would roughly remain the same. (as in slit1 + slit2)

The setup or either the diagram is incomplete to show this.

Jan Rinze.
"THEY"
C2- When I made the horizontal diffraction in Good Elf's post, it was also vertical slits, but through aluminum foil. It didn't work with pinholes, nor with smoked foil. So maybe the aluminum foil is the government alien technology? ph34r.gif (oh I hope this doesn't mean they have to kill me now... laugh.gif ) And the image was on my wall, not on the webcam. Since (obviously!) NOTHING worked on the webcam!

I will do my best for photographic evicence. Care for a little friendly competition? wink.gif He who posts an image first wins? biggrin.gif
Guest_yquantum
THEY, et al,

May I have permission to play. laugh.gif Just kidding! wink.gif

BTW, you will not find it in Area 51? ph34r.gif

ciao_
yquantum
"THEY"
QUOTE (Guest_yquantum+May 23 2007, 02:51 PM)
May I have permission to play.

BUT OF COURSE!

But no fair posting images of splitting atoms... C2 and I (& they2) can't do that at home!

Then again, those pictures of splitting atoms are soo pretty!
jal
QUOTE
"THEY"
Aluminum foil doesn't work anywhere as well as card for what I posted last night! No misleading done! But I will play around with different slit configurations and different materials for "they"2 to figure out the "why". And now that I know how *I* can photograph, I will post anything you guys want to see. Let me know! But if not, then I am back to being a (somewhat) silent observer!  I have accomplished what I needed.

Aluminum foil is a great way of verifying the conclusions/explanations of what is happening within the cavity.
jal
TRoc
Hi all,


janrinze, I'm not sure what you mean by this: "The math still adds up though 2500 vs (1800+1800) seems wrong.." .

I don't have any questions on this. I am just wondering where C2 got his counts from.


C2 - "Does that clarify what I did and why I did it?"

No, I still don't know what you're doing, just that your numbers do not match the teachspin experiment.

Forget "totals" for the moment, and look at ANY single point (of the detector slit position). My only point here, (which is the same point everyone else sees) is that with 2 slits open, the number of "photons", compared to the number of "photons" with just 1 slit open is different.

Review the data: The SAME light source in both versions of this experiment means that the SAME # of "photons" are going through the slits either way. The SAME geometry at the screen means we can measure the same point, and compare 1 slit versus 2 slit counts.

User posted image
QUOTE
At the central maximum, going from one to two sits quadruples not doubles, the count rate. And, contrary to the logic of classical particles, at either minimum, opening a second slit markedly reduces the count rate.


Examples: At position of 6.1 mm we have 2400 "photons" with both slits open, and ~ 650 with just 1 slit. About a 400% increase.

At position of 5.8 mm we have 100 "photons" from both slits open, and 600 with just 1 slit. About 83% decrease.

Those are the extremes. We also have the result of "even" at several points. 4.8 mm, 5.6 mm, 7.2 mm, etc.

Since we have a set of different results ("positive, negative, and null"), and everything else stayed the same, we say that "photons" interfered with themselves after going through the slits.

Common sense would tell you that ADDING the results from running the experiment with left slit open + right slit open, would be equal to running it with both slits open. This is clearly not the case.

It seems to me that I am the only one talking about a mechanism that can do these 3 operations (+, -, n).


regards,

T.Roc
"THEY"
QUOTE (jal+May 24 2007, 06:11 AM)
Aluminum foil is a great way of verifying the conclusions/explanations of what is happening within the cavity.
jal

Wondering out loud.... please correct me if wrong!

Could the aluminum foil be intensifying the wave? All I can input to this is that the laser image is much brighter and easier to see with foil than with card.

BTW, I am having too much fun with this. Last night I was goofing off with different slit configurations, one even being a smiley face! smile.gif
jal
Hi "THEY" and all! smile.gif
It just seems that it is possible to screw up what has been said the wave is suppose to be doing or not doing in the cavity.
Having a reflection from where it is suppose to be or not be should enhance the enterpretations that have been put forward on this thread.
Were you able to make the smiley do this smile.gif -> biggrin.gif
jal
Laserlight
Hi TRoc, C2, THEY, Jan, GE, Jal, and All,

I'm a little confused and want to ask a question regarding the argument of
photon counts for the TeachSpin experiment.

If we consider the area of one slit as being some finite value, then with 2 slits we
are doubling the area. Doubling the area causes a squaring of the photon count.

If we had 3 equal slits then we would have 3x the area, wouldn't the photon
count be cubed and be 9x that of a single slit? Or, would the photon count be
8x.....(2^3)?

Explanation please!
LL
janrinze
QUOTE (TRoc+May 24 2007, 04:08 PM)

Common sense would tell you that ADDING the results from running the experiment with left slit open + right slit open, would be equal to running it with both slits open.  This is clearly not the case. 

It seems to me that I am the only one talking about a mechanism that can do these 3 operations (+, -,  n).


regards,

T.Roc

Hi TRoc,

This is the result of the interference pattern.
The distribution changes.

If we would 'watch' the photons the interference pattern would disappear and your 'addition' becomes visible in the pattern. We would get the summation of the 2 slits as a result.

So in fact this is touching the real mystery behind the two-slit experiment.

Some posts ago C2 had trouble to get the results using a graphic plotter but finally got it right. which was (i hope) revealing to him. (C2 please correct me if I am wrong here.)

The result of two wavefronts is not done by |Phi1| + |Phi2| where Phi1 and Phi2 respectively stand for the wave arriving at a certain point x on the detection screen.
The proper result is for a single slit |Phi|^2 (intensity is the square of the wave).
The proper result for two waves is |Phi1 + Phi2|^2 which will differ from the expectancy value |Phi1|^2 + |Phi2|^2 in the case of particles only.

I hope I am not reiterating what you already know so I hope to have given some insight.

as a footnote waves are described as a variation of the e^(iwt) which equals cos(wt)+isin(wt)

Jan Rinze.

(I hope this post makes sense.)

Good Elf
Hi janrinze, "THEY", Montec, Pink Elephant, Laserlight, Neil Farbstein, Confused2, yquantum, Jal, TRoc et al,

Yes Yquantum (if that is you)... we can all "play".

I would like all of you to think about this recently released information regarding "cavity" excitations of absorbed photons...
Scientists demonstrate quantum state exchange between light and matter
The total reversibility of "tuned" photons entering atomic states. The states are then "perfectly" informationally reconstructed through re-emission and their quantum interferences. This is supposed to be against all quantum principles ... yet it happens. As always I keep saying this is no "theory" it is experimentally being proved as we read these posts.

I do not like to crow about this but this is indeed an exact comparison to the way fourier synthesis in optical systems is "perfectly" reversible as shown by such simple mechanisms developed 40 years ago by the Military.
User posted image
... Click to enlarge...
Compare this with their image...
User posted image
... Click to enlarge...

Are you seeing the similarity here? This is the way the Universe is built.. not by random process but with perfect optical precision. Compared with "Mother Nature" these are crude mechanisms... both of them.

I am not peeping over researchers shoulders on all this, I have to develop these ideas from my own ingenuity over many years. I have been saying these things for some time on this forum and how they connect with Wheeler Feynman Absorber Theory. You may think this is all guess work but underneath the "noisy" and "imperfect" theory of the quantum is a continuum theory of waves as I have indicated. I have also indicated on many occasions just why this happens. There is an underlying order. This reversible process is seen in many places in existing experiments and ultimately will result in a new understanding of just what the quantum means... It does not mean disorder but an "infinite" order that does not suffer degradation. Just as well otherwise quantum computers working on the David Deutch's Many Worlds Interpretation would not work at all.

As to the time a photon could be trapped in some natural systems, go ask a Geophysicist how long? When he comes back with the answer of many millions of years with all information still intact, you may be a little surprised. Perhaps there are a number of photons out there that have come from the age of Dinosaurs and they can and may still reveal all even over that elapsed time by looking around in some rocks.

Anyway they are speaking of resonant optical cavities, stationary qubits, "flying to stationary" qubits from photons etc...
QUOTE (From: PhysOrg article today "Scientists demonstrate quantum state exchange between light and matter"+)
“The most significant result of this work is the demonstration of reversibility (i.e., coherence) for the light emission and absorption processes,” Boozer told PhysOrg.com. “The fact that this process is coherent means that it preserves superpositions of quantum states, hence it is a way of mapping quantum information between an atom and light.”
[...]
In the Caltech scientists' experiment, a cesium atom is localized within the cavity by a far off-resonant optical trap, where it repeatedly undergoes a series of light absorption and reemission cycles, lasting a total of 360 ms. During each such cycle, the cavity is first illuminated by an incident pulse of coherent light. Whenever the atom-cavity system absorbs this pulse, the quantum state of the light is written onto the internal state of the atom.

After a delay of about 300 ns, the atomic state gets mapped back onto an emitted pulse of light, which is allowed to interfere with the source of the original coherent pulse. Observing the resulting interference fringe demonstrates the reversibility of the overall absorption-reemission process.

“Our optical cavity has a very small mode volume (the cavity length is only 42 microns), which ensures that the coherent interaction between the atom and light field occurs on a much faster time scale than the decoherence caused by atomic spontaneous emission or cavity leakage,” Boozer explained. “Thus the atom and cavity field can exchange quantum information coherently many times before an incoherent process occurs. This regime is known as strong-coupling in cavity QED.”

The scientists explain that the efficiency of the light-to-atom transfer is limited in this scenario by factors such as passive mirror losses, equal transmission coefficients of the cavity mirrors, and the coupling of the atom to both polarization modes of the cavity.

With the ability to reversibly transfer a qubit's state from "flying" to "stationary" photons and back again, the scientists have taken a step toward coherently transferring quantum information across a network, without disruption with the outside world. Still, Boozer and his colleagues look forward to future improvements.

Are you guys having Deja Vu yet? Photons and matter partake in Special Relativity induced "time travel" converting from temporal domain to the frequency domain and then back again.

Proving once again that ...
User posted image
Schrodinger Wave Equation means...
User posted image
the Electromagnetic Wave Equation
... Click to enlarge...
The resemblances in mathematical structures between the optical constants of artificial electromagnetic media and some physical phenomena in field theory - Jian Qi Shen
Otherwise you may need to carefully explain to these experimentalists that their results are all "bunk" and you think that their results are "off the Planet".

The other point I would like to say is "QED strong coupling" means that the emission or absorption of the photon is linked to a strong resonance within the atom. It is not the whole atom that the photon is responding to but to only one "shell". In the case of "critically damped" systems like the double slit experiment the finer points of this collapse are hidden . If people think that the emission and absorption of a photon could be partial then we all need consider that again since photons can not be "partially" emitted or "partially" absorbed... it is all or nothing. However there are necessary conditions to adhere to if you wish the absorption to be correlated with the following emission. In that case there is no compulsion there since the photons may not be the same. But please consider the "decoherence" events as related more to Wheeler Feynman Absorber Theory processes, they may go down the "Bunny Hole".


Cheers
janrinze
Hi Good Elf (and the rest..)

I like the pace of the thread a.t.m. good ideas and all.

about Fourier transforms, this is per definition reversible and yes optical lenses do a Fourier transformation. This has been known long before the military 40 years ago did their experiments..
I don't see the link with the described quantum state exchange experiment however..

for optical trapping, try and see if you can find out how long it takes for a photon to be created inside the sun and to exit the photosphere... A very looong time!

I think I have to re-read the rest of your post again until I can make sense out of it.
A good mind-triggering couple of questions.

In a conversation with a friend it occurred to me that during the days of Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg and Schrodinger (can't mention everyone now..) communications were 'slow' and often by writing letters to each other. The Internet (and of course physorg) should enable us to put our minds together and crack some tough nuts! So please keep the good ideas coming. A lot of us are very capable to digest and ruminate on them and might even get very close to some fundamental answers.

got to get some sleep now..

Jan Rinze.
Good Elf
Hi janrinze, "THEY", Montec, Pink Elephant, Laserlight, Neil Farbstein, Confused2, yquantum, Jal, TRoc et al,

QUOTE (janrinze+)
about Fourier transforms, this is per definition reversible and yes optical lenses do a Fourier transformation. This has been known long before the military 40 years ago did their experiments..
I don't see the link with the described quantum state exchange experiment however..

The relationship is quite "simple". The input "source" plane is a plane of information, in the old experiment above it was an image plane in the spatial and temporal domain (a 2D Transparency). And the output image plane could easily be another "source" plane (in this case a "screen"). Between the two spatio-temporal domains is a complex reciprocal spatial frequency domain of the transform of either the input plane or the output plane. What has been understood for many years is that this transform is exactly the one used in nature where the optics convert the phenomenon described in the "input/output" planes into a Ads-CFT (Anti-deSitter - Conformal Field Theory Dominated space) domain associated generally with all classes of Hilbert Spaces. This is why the linear geometry of most treatments of spacetime fail owing to the complex reciprocal nature of the phenomenon. This process is "perfect" provided it is performed in a certain way and is also proven to be extendable to infinite numbers of dimensions without loss. Naturally this is where "String Theories" come in.

However all "linear theories" fail to be able to transform using simple linear transforms seamlessly from the first space to the second space and of course back again t othe third space. Clearly any linear transforms from our spacetime into a complex reciprocal spacetime of reciprocal space and frequency (reciprocal time) would involve the physical functions "blowing up" and thus renormalization would be required to give results which are finite. This process was necessary using linear treatment (differential calculus of infinitesimals and Tensors which are only valid in regions of diminishingly small curvature) and still is mathematically known to be an ad hoc approach akin to the way the problem of Astronomy was approached by Aristotle and Ptolemy and the way he was able to map the motions of the planets across the "flat vault of the heavens".
The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy
Provided you take enough terms in the expansion of the apparent motion of the planets into "epicycles" and further epicycles the problem could be "solved" to as high a degree of accuracy as required or able to be measured for much ore than a thousand years. Ptolemy's "Universe" would still be a great theory if it was not for the courage of Galileo in stating that the vault of the heavens and the fixed stars and those moving "stars" were part of a much more interesting Universe in which the Earth was not at it's center and the planets followed some kind of law of "attraction". Later Copernicus and then the mystic (even heretic Alchemist) Newton, solved much of this problem to the bitter chagrin of the "Church".

Today we stand on the edge of a new Universe. One that is bounded but still boundless. In the way that "dragons" were drawn on the edge of old sea charts to warn of the dangers lurking beyond "World's End" a totally new frontier beckons. biggrin.gif
Photons are "impelled" by a greater law than even electromagnetism that binds all matter and all photonic force carriers together in one "simple" theory where matter is the illusion and waves are everything in a wave particle "duality". The difference being only in the geometry that separates the realms of "flatspaces and "bubbles".
Möbius transformation: Geometric interpretation of the characteristic constant

Consider ourselves as a "flatland" where particles "move" and photons "propagate". The quanta are simply expressions of the plotting of points from one realm (the plane) to points in the other realm (the sphere).
User posted image
... Click to enlarge...
Considered as a conformal transform there are no point sources but Harmonics on the surface of a sphere.
Here is an applet that illustrates just what this means for two quantum numbers L and M ...
Spherical harmonics (in 3 Dimensions)
To see all the applets look here...
http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/en/index.html
From this perspective quantum transitions are between these geometries and ultimately our "flatland" as photon events or from our flatland to these higher dimensional geometries as "particles" in compact dimensional entities leading to rotations on the light cone walls. There are a limited number of overlapping quantum states (large though they are) so the quanta are limited in their emission and in their absorption events.

All states of the atom and its shells can be expressed as a time dependent and a time independent function. The more interesting function is the time dependent function which are far more revealing plotted in a three dimensional complex space than those boring "probability" diagrams.

Where to go from here is a very interesting question. A look into Dr. Taco Visser's work and the concepts of Optical Solitons with connections via "Instantons". This has a non-quantum interpretation.
Play wuith these two dimesnional solitons which are only "toys" but they can lead to insight...
Topological Solitons
Then to consider that charge itself is simply a topological property of curved spacetime as seen from another reference frame which views the property as standing waves in "reciprocal" D6 branes.

I would be boring everyone if I repeated this and the many other discussions I have had on this Forum over the last few years but you can always view them all (in reverse order) when you are logged in by clicking on the link under my name "Good Elf" and then "Find all posts by this member".

Cheers
Confused2
Hi THEY,THEY2,yquantum, Mr & Mrs NASA et al,

Far be it from me suggest Mr & Mrs NASA might get anything wrong or need advice from someone like me .. (eg always check your optics before you put them into orbit .. 100 meters is not the same as 100 yards.. stuff like that .. help from me not required).

Seriously though.. we see spectacular diffraction with nice shiny things .. I agree with Good Elf - I think it's too good. I suspect it is actually a two source effect caused by the laser shining off the reflective edges. If the diffraction goes away when you blacken your slits .. maybe it wasn't diffraction. The test would be - if you deliberately make two slits does the result look like a two source effect or a four source effect? Any chance of a piccy?

Possibly...

School project smile.gif
NASA sad.gif

Best wishes,
-C2.
Confused2
Hi Janrinze,TRoc,Laserlight et al,

QUOTE (TRoc+)
Common sense would tell you that ADDING the results from running the experiment with left slit open + right slit open, would be equal to running it with both slits open. This is clearly not the case.


I regret that I don't seem to have established the validity of my method for showing that the results of the Teachspin experiment demonstrate that total number of photons (say per second) with both slits open is the sum of the number of photons per second from either slit individually.

I've already done my best - perhaps if someone else could explain how/why the area under the curve gives the total number of photons counted (times a constant) I think we would all be further forward - without it I suspect we might be trying to explain the wrong result.

Best wishes,
-C2.

JR .. my problem with the graph applet was that I was trying to do the vector addition explicitly and (obviously) getting it wrong .. the PGC thing does it much better when left to sort it out for itself.
jal
Good Elf the updated version is at.
http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/#spin
A teacher is needed with these presentations.
jal
janrinze
QUOTE (jal+May 25 2007, 04:07 PM)
Good Elf the updated version is at.
http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/#spin
A teacher is needed with these presentations.
jal

Hi Jal,

I have seen this java applet some time ago, is this your creation?
I like the way it helps to get a bit more intuitive towards QM.

Jan Rinze.
jal
Hi janrinze!
QUOTE
I like the way it helps to get a bit more intuitive towards QM.

So do I.
It is only a tool, (a good one), that uses the wave approach to helps us measure our observations.
If you look at the Standard model, they have 100's of particles, not hundreds of waves.
Both particles and waves are tools to try to figure out how the universe is made.
It would be good if one of you picked a java and discussed it because there are other ones easily accessible from the "tabs".
Troc might find a way of using the quantas java since it shows why there are only specific energy levels/frequencies.

However, remember that at the end of the day, it’s going to fit into and be part of a structured spacetime at 10^-16 to 10^-18.
jal
Confused2
Hi jal,janrinze et al,

QUOTE (jal+)
It would be good if one of you picked a java and discussed it because there are other ones easily accessible from the "tabs".


From http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/#spin

.. choosing 1.5 and setting the 'Potential' to Barrier and width to 5nm.
We see the electron wavepacket divide in two at the barrier. This is more like my idea of how a wavepacket concept might be useful. We choose our analysis to begin with a hump - this may even have physical significance - we end up with two humps .. after the barrier both humps are equally good (and indistinguishable) representations of the electron. The humps have no cohesive properties they're just 'as is'. We could take either the reflected hump or the ongoing hump and process them further to get (say) interference effects .. in fact we can change the shape/split/divide the hump in any way we like.
Probably contraversial enough for the present.
Comments welcome.
-C2.
Good Elf
Hi Jal, Janrinze et al,

QUOTE (Jal+)
Good Elf the updated version is at.
http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/#spin
A teacher is needed with these presentations.
jal
That site is very very interesting. It is true that all these phenomena "happen in the dark" and are singularly unobserved. I sort of think of this like that old "chesnut"... "Would you like to see something nobody ever has seen before and nobody ever will see again?"... Your dupe nods his head then you proceed.. You take a nut, crack it open, show the kernel to your victim, and then eat it. "Here endeth the lesson". The interesting questions are... Was the kernel always there and has it now gone forever... He he he! It is a test of "character" to understand and answer these questions. Like Schrodinger's Cat and that story about a tree falling in a forest, men leap in where angels fear to tread.

I was looking for a simulation of spherical harmonics and the last simulation I was formerly using had gone flaky. The first simulation I came across that showed what I wanted to see was the one quoted above. This was "Googled" so I had no idea (or time) to go looking for any more. I am so glad you did add that new site. It is a real gem, so much richer for overall visualizations and I have learned a "thing or two" from it as well.

Great stuff...

Cheers

PS: I will look into the matter of setting up a double slit experiment this weekend.
"THEY"
Does this add ammunition to the cause?

http://www.physorg.com/news99323653.html
Confused2
QUOTE
Does this add ammunition to the cause?


Not sure which cause you mean - but it looks pretty wicked to me.

Best wishes,
-C2.

jal
QUOTE
.. choosing 1.5 and setting the 'Potential' to Barrier and width to 5nm.

Got it!!! Now we are all on the same page.
Now that is a lot easier than reading the formulas.
My comment would be that there has to be a compatibility within the barrier structure and the wave packet for the "tunneling" to occur.

"THEY", I would say the same thing, "a compatibility within the structure" for thousands of atoms acting in unison.

jal
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