A UNIFICATION OF GRAVITATIONAL, ELECTROMAGNETIC, WEAK FORCE AND STRONG COUPLING PARAMETERS/CONSTANTS – PART 1 - BY SAMUEL BONAYA BUYA
ABSTRACT
I PRESENT A DISCUSSION ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF THE UNIFICATION OF GRAVITATIONAL, ELECTROMAGNETIC, STRONG AND WEAK FORCE COUPLING CONSTANTS/PARAMETERS AS A FOUNDATIONAL STEP FOR A GRAND UNIFIED FIELD THEORY AND AS A BASIS FOR MAKING GENERAL RELATIVITY COMPATIBLE WITH QUANTUM MECHANICS.
IN MY ANALYSIS I WILL:
EXAMINE THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT
EXAMINE THE ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING PARAMETER WITH THE VIEW OF PRESENTING A PROPOSAL THAT WHILE THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT IS A FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANT, ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING PARAMETER OF A CHARGED PARTICLE CAN VARY WITH THE ENERGY OF THE PARTICLE;
PROPOSE A GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING PARAMETER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND WILL ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH ITS RELATION TO GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING PARAMETER OF A PARTICLE.
ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPTON’S WAVELENGTH OF A PARTICLE AND TO ITS SPECIFIC CHARGE WITH THE VIEW OF ESTABLISHING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT, COMPTON’S WAVELENGTH AND RYDBERG’S CONSTANT OF THE PARTICLE;
ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING PARAMETER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING PARAMETER;
ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT AND A PARTICLE’S ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING CONSTANT/PARMETER
ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRONG FORCE AND FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT;
ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A RELATION BETWEEN WEAK FORCE, GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING PARAMETERS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING PARAMETER.
EXAMINE AND ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A SUPERFORCE EQUATION AS AN ATTEMPT TO UNIFY THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL CONSTANTS IN PHYSICS.
ATTEMPT TO MAKE QUANTUM MECHANICS COMPATIBLE WITH QUANTUM MECHANICS.
ATTEMPT TO SHOW THAT THE ELECTROMANETIC COUPLING CONSTANT OF A PARTICLE DETERMINES ITS GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING STRENGTH WHICH IN TURN DETERMINES IT’S MASS AND HENCE IT’S ENERGY. THIS WILL BE MY BASIS OF UNIFICATION O F ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GRAVITATIONAL PHENOMENA.
ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A COMMON EXPLANATION FOR MASSES OF ALL SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES.
TO ACHIEVE MY GOAL I WILL PROPOSE NEW CONCEPTS AND LAWS. I WILL ATTEMPT TO BACK THESE PROPOSED LAWS BY USING THEM TO DERIVE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS. I WILL PRESENT WHAT I CALLED THE LAW OF RELATIVISTIC CHARGE. I WILL ATTEMPT TO SHOW THAT THE LAW IS PHYSICAL BY USING IT TO DERIVE RYDBERG’S CONSTANT ETC.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
As a foundational basis of the grand unified field theory I intend to propose, I will examine the law of charge of the electron with the view to propose a law of relativistic charge
I will presume the validity of de Broglie matter wave relation which has the backing of observational support. I propose that for the de Broglie relation to hold true, the particle energy relation below in equation 1.0.1 below should also hold true.
E = m x v^2 = h x f --------------------------- 1.0.1
Equation 1.0.1 should hold true because when both sides of the equation are divided by f we obtain the relation the de Broglie relation:
h = m x v x λ ----------------------------------- 1.0.2
I assume the validity of equation 1.0.1 because it is implied in the de Broglie relation.
I propose also, that Joseph John Thompson’s specific charge constancy of an electron holds true for all electron speeds.
I propose, as Einstein’s relativity establishes, that the mass of an electron varies with its speed.

1.1 BUILDING A LAW OF RELATIVISTIC CHARGE

An electron can be considered as a point charged particle. I will define the surface electric potential V of the electron is its energy per coulomb of charge. I will treat the electron as a capacitor for the purpose of my present analysis.
For the purpose of my presentation, I will define the capacitance, C, of an electron is the quantity of charge it possesses per unit surface electric potential. If the charge of an electron is taken as e then the energy E of the point charged particle can be written as:
E = e2/C-----------------------------------------------------------1.1.1a
The capacitance of appoint charged particle is given by:
C = 4 x π x εo x re

Where εo = permittivity of the medium.
re = radius of the electron.
1.2.1a can be written as follows:
E= e2/ (4 x π x εo x r) -----------------------------------------------------------1.1.1b
According to Planck’s energy relation:
E=h x f--------------------------------------------------------------------1.1.1c
Where h = Planck’s constant.
F = frequency of the electron.
Equating 1.2.1a with 1.2.1c:
e2= 4π x h x εo x f x re----------------------------------------------------------1.1.2a
Substituting 1.1.4 into 1.2.2a
e2=2hεov--------------------------------------------------------------1.1.2b
e2=2 x h x εo x α x c--------------------------------------------------------------1.1.2c
Where α = electromagnetic coupling parameter of the particle.
I will call the equation 26 law of relativistic charge and can be applicable to other charged particles like the proton etc.
FOR THE PURPOSE OF MY ANALYSIS I WILL DEFINE THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT (αl) AS THE SQUARE ROOT OF TWICE THE PRODUCT OF RYDBERG’S CONSTANT AND COMPTON’S WAVELENGTH OF THE ELECTRON.
l = +/-√ (2 x R x c) = +/-√ [(2 x R x h)/ (mo x c)] -------------------------------------------1.1.3
Equation 1.1.3 will be derived in chapter 1.2.
I propose that the electromagnetic coupling constant of an electron can take a different value from the fine structure constant of light. When the electromagnetic coupling constant of the electron is equal to the fine structure constant of light (1/137.0359997) then the charge of the electron takes the value of 1.602176481 x 10^-19 C
(Assuming a value of h = 6.62606891 x 10^-34 Js).

1.2 BUILDING THE UNIFIED FIELD RELATIVISTIC LAWS - PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The English physicist J.J Thomson experimentally investigated the relationship between the quantity of charge possessed by an electron and it’s mass. He found out that the ratio of the quantity of charge and the mass of an electron does not change with change in the velocity of the electron. The specific change relation of an electron can be used together with my proposed law of relativistic charge and the de Broglie relation to come up with other relativistic laws.
This relation is called the specific charge relation.
Let σs = specific charge of an electron and
me = mass of an electron then:
σs=e/m----------------------------------------------------------1.2.1
Rearranging 1.2.1:
e = m x σs-----------------------------------------------------------1.2.2a
Substituting 1.3.2 into 1.2.2b:
m2 x σs2 = 2hεv.
Therefore m= (2hεv)1/2/σs-----------------------------------1.2.3a
Using equation 1.2.3a, it can be shown that a proton at rest has energy of 0.9382796909 Gev but a proton spinning at the speed of light has energy of 109.8363903Gev and therefore contains more massive quarks. These energies can be used to account for emission of W bosons in weak interactions.
According to the De Broglie relation:
h=m x v x λ----------------------------------------------------------1.2.4
Substituting 1.3.3 into1.3.4
λ= σs x (h/2ε0)1/2 x v-3/2------------------------------------------------1.2.5a
Or:
v^3 x λ^2 = (h x σs^2)/(2εo) ---------------------------------- 1.2.5b
Now the frequency f of an electron is given by:
f = v/λ=1/σs x (2ε0/h)1/2 x v5/2.--------------------------------------1.2.6a
The physical significance of the laws will need to be established.
Equation 1.1.2b can be used to derive Rydberg’s constant by dividing both sides of the equation by the coefficient of v, then squaring both sides of the equation, then multiplying both sides of the equation by half the mass of the electron and subsequently dividing both sides of the equation by the product of Planck’s constant and the speed of light in free space. The Rydberg’s constant relation obtained would then be:
RH = (½ x m x v^2)/(h x c) = (m x e^4)/(h^3 x eo^2 x c) -----------------------1.2.7a
Notice equation 1.2.7a can be written as:
RH = ½ x m x αl^2 x c/h = ½ x λc x αl^2 ------------------------------------------- 1.2.7b
Equation 1.2.7b is derived on the assumption that v= α x c ------------------- 1.2.5c
Or:
αl^2 = 2 x RH x λc --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.2.8a
Notice the fine structure constant can be expressed also in terms of Bohr’s radius (αo) and also in terms of classical electron radius:
αl = 4π x RH x αo = (re/2αo)^1/3 ------------------------------------------------- 1.2.8b
Equation 1.2.8a is derived from equation 1.2.7a by making v = αl x c
Where RH = Rydberg’s constant
λc = Compton’s wavelength of the electron.
THE SQUARE OF THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT IS TWICE THE PRODUCT OF RYDBERG’S CONSTANT AND COMTON’S WAVELENGTH.
Thus we can say the law of relativistic charge derived can be used to derive Rydberg’s constant, Compton’s wavelength and fine structure constant of light.
The gravitational field strength of a particle is given by:
g = G x m/r^2 ------------------------------------------------- 1.2. 9a
Taking r = λ/2π and substituting 1.2.3a into 1.2.9a:
g = 4 x π^2 x G x √(2 x εo^3 x v^7/h) x 1/σ^3 ----------- 1.2.9b
In subsequent chapters I will attempt to show that gravitational field strength can be expressed as a product of frequency of gravitational waves and the speed of light in free space I.e.:
g = fg x c = 4 x π^2 x G x √(2 x εo^3 x v^7/h) x 1/σ^3 ------1.2.9c
Or:
fg = 4 x π^2 x G x √(2 x εo^3 x h) x 1/σ^3 x (α x c)^2.5 -------------1.2.6b
The above equations can be expressed electrically in order to for example account for the experimental findings of Robert Millikan’s photo electricity experiment.

From the De Broglie relation
E = m x v2= h x f-------------------------------------------1.2.10a
Or E =√(2 x h x εo) x v^5/2 x 1/σs 1.2.10b
The energy of an electron is given by:
E = e x V------------------------------------------------1.2.10c
Where e is the charge of the electron,
V = electron surface potential.
Equating 2.1.1a with 2.1.1b we obtain the following velocity- voltage relation:
v = σs ^1/2 x V^1/2-----------------------------1.2.9a
Substituting 1.2.9a into 1.1.2a:
e = (2 x h x εo)^1/2 x σs^1/4 x V^1/4-------------------1.2.2b
Substituting 1.2.9 into 1.2.5b we obtain the following electron wavelength – surface voltage relationship:
λ = σs ^1/4 x (h/2ε)^1/2 x V^-3/4-----------------1.2.5c
Substituting 1.2.5c into 1.2.5b
f = σs ^1/4 x (2ε/h)^1/2 x V^5/4------------------1.2.6c
Substituting 1.2.9 into 1.2.3a we obtain the relation:
m = (2hε)^1/2 x σs^-3/4V^1/4------------------1.2.3a
Substituting 1.2.9a into 1.2.9c
g = 4π^2 x G x √((2εo^3)/h) x V^7/4 x 1/σ^5/4 ------------------------------- 1.2.9b
Consider plasma of electrons. If the plasma is regarded as an ideal gas, then it can be said that the kinetic theory of gases also applies to the ideal electron plasma.
If k is the Boltzman’s constant, T the absolute surface temperature of the electron in the plasma, then according to the kinetic theory:
1/3m x v2 = k x T----------------------------------1.2.10d
Where v = velocity of the electron
And k =1.38065773*10-23 J/K
Substituting 1.2.3a and 1.2.9 into 1.2.10 we obtain the following electron temperature – voltage relation:
T = 1/3 x σ^1/4 x (2εh)1/2 x V5/4 x 1/k ----------------1.2.11a
Substituting the relevant experimental values in SI units:
v = 4.19383828234*105V1/2--------------------------- 1.2.9b
λ = 3.961363638*10-9εr-1/2V-3/4---------------------1.2.5c
f = 1.058684875*1014εr1/2V5/4------------------------1.2.6d
ge = 3.3578158*10-23εr3/2V7/4----------------------1.2.9d
m = 3.988424526*10-31εr1/2V1/4---------------------1.2.3b
T = 1789.642535εr1/2V5/4------------------------------- 1.2.11b
E = 7.014918936*10-20εrV5/4--------------------1.2.10e
ΔE = Ei - Ef = h x femr ------------------------------------1.2.110f
ΔE=change in energy of the electron.
Ei = Initial energy of the electron.
Ef = Final energy of the electron.
femr = frequency of the electron.
λemr = wavelength of electromagnetic radiation.
λemr = c/femr=h x c/ΔE---------------------1.2.5d
= c/{(σ1/4)(2ε/h)1/2(Vi5/4-Vf5/4)}--------------------------1.2.5e
= 2.831744036*10-6/{εr1/2(Vi5/4-Vf5/4)} ------------------ 1.2.5f
Let Va =electron accelerating voltage. If V= electron surface electric potential then:
2 x e x Va =e x V →Va=V/2 -------------------- 1.2.12
Worked example
An accelerating voltage of 100000 volts is applied to an electron. Calculate the (a) surface electric potential ( velocity © mass (d) wavelength (e) frequency (f) temperature (g) gravitational field strength of the electron.
Solution
From 1.2.13 V = 200 000 volts.
From 1.2.9b v =1.875541497*108m/s
From 1.2.3b m = 8.43449096*10-30Kg
From 1.2.5c λ = 4.188632075*10-13m
From 1.2.6d f = 4.477691855*1020Hz
From 1.2.11b T =7 569266353 K
From 1.2.9d g = 6.351252235*10-14 N/Kg
The applications of the above equations in atomic spectroscopy etc. cannot be overemphasized.
It may be argued from Einstein's relativity that E^2=p^2c^2+mo^2 x c^4 (where p=particle momentum)
Or m^2c^4 = m^2xV^2 x c^2 + mo^2 x c^4
Or m^2 x c^2 (c^2-v^2) = mo^2 x c^4
0r m^2= mo^2 x c^2/(c^2-v^2)
Or m= mo √ (1-v^2/c^2) -------------- 1.2.3c
Using such an approach it can easily be deduced that the limiting speed of mass is c.
Let us use the same approach on the electron whose mass is given by m^2=2hεov/σ^2.
Then mc^2=√ (2hεov^3 x c^2/σ^2 + 2hεov x c^4/σ^2)
Or m=√ [(2h x εo) x (v^3 + v x c^2)] /(c x σ) = 1/σ x √[(2hεo v) x(1+v^2/c^2)]
Or m= 1/σ x √[(2hεo α x c) x(1+v^2/c^2)]--------- 1.2.3d
Or e^2= (2h x εo x v) x (1+v^2/c^2) ---------- 1.2.2c
Or e^2= (2hεo x α x c) x (1+v^2/c^2) ----------------- 1.2.2d
From 1.2.2d:
α= v/c x (1+v^2/c^2) ------------------- 1.2.8b
Remember rest is relative. The electron may have a rest mass in this reference frame but by another reference frame (you may call it an absolute frame of reference if you so desire) may have a velocity
v=α x c =2.11877 x 10^6 m/s, so that when the electron is at rest in this reference frame it will have a charge e^2=2h x εo x α x c. Since rest is relative the Lorentz metric can in simple terms also be written as:
∂s^2 = (w-v) ^2 x∂t^2 +(c^2/L^2) x ∂t^2=c^2∂t^2 in a limiting case of a modified Pythagoras theorem.
Or L= 1/√ [1-(w-v)^2/c^2)] ------------- 1.2.8e
Where L= Lorentz factor. The Lorentz factor of equation will allow greater than speed of light travel provided w-v<c.
Multiplying the Galilean relativity by the square of L the new composition of velocity relation obtained becomes w' = (w-v) x L^2= (w-v)/ [1-(w-v) ^2/c^2)] ----------------- 1.2.9c
Note: Since l=lo x √[1-(w-v)/c^2} and t=to /√ [1-(w-v) ^2/c^2] then
w'= (w-v)/ [1-(w-v) ^2/c^2]
the above composition of velocity relation will allow for greater than speed of light travel.
I would also like to bring in another thought to ponder. Consider two metric state states such that:
c^2 x ∂t0^2 = w^2 x ∂t^2 -------------------------------- 1.2.13a
Let us take a situation where w<c so that w^2 = c^2 –v^2 --------------- 1.2.9d
Then substituting 1.2.9d into 1.2.13a we obtain the relation:
c^2 x ∂t0^2 =[c^2 – v^2] ∂t^2 ----------------------------- 1.2.13c
Or t = to /√ (1 – v^2/c^2) ------------------------------------ 1.2.14
The relation connects time in the two metric states so that when light passes from one metric state to the other it is refracted since by 1.2.13a
c/w =t/to =c/√(c^2 –v^2) = n --------------------------- 1.2.15a
So that light moving from optically denser medium to optically less dense medium bends and undergoes time delay. Thus time dilation and bending of light in case 1.2.15a can be attributed to reduction of speed of light as it moves from one metric state to another.
Let us consider a situation where w>c so that w^2 = c^2 + v^2 --------------- 1.2.9e
Then c^2 x ∂to^2 = [c^2 + v^2] ∂t^2 =w^2 x ∂t^2 ------------------ 1.2.13a
-case of time contraction
Then by 6c:
c/w= 1/√ (1 + v^2/c^2) = t/to = n ------------------ 1.2.15b
The above equations show that the speed of light can be c, less than c or greater than c depending on the space conditions. In the case of equation 1.2.15b time contracts when light travels at speeds greater than c, etc.
As w → ∞ ∂t/∂to → 0. In the dimension ∂t/∂to= 0 Past present and future coexist. Before the beginning before time started, before Planck's mass it was all eternal in Elohim,
There has been much misconception and erroneous speculation on time travel. By equation 1.2.15b, time contracts in dimensions that are faster than speed of light. In such a space, the time span between events contracts, until in a space where speed is infinite (∂t/∂to= 0), past, present and future coexist because time span between events is zero (all events contract to a point).
Planck's mass is of time dimension, has a time scale, time began with the creation of the first particle of matter which has energy that is a trillion that of the known universe. The big bang, the Thunder of Yeshua, the voice of Elohim thundered and time began with creation and what co existed in Him as past Present and Future began unfolding, expressing his attributes, Elohim unfolding what was at the back part of His mind through time.

1.3 Accounting for the observations of photo electricity experiment for the determination of the Planck’s constant
I will now use the relativistic equations derived above to try to account for the results of photo electricity experiment.
From Einstein’s photo electricity equation:
Vs= h/e x (f - fo) ----------------------------------1.3.1
Where Vs = stopping voltage.
fo = threshold frequency.
The relationship between stopping potential, Vs, and electron surface voltage V, is stated as:
V=2Vs ----------------------------------------1.3.2
From 1.2.6c
femr = σs1/4(2ε/h)1/2(Vi5/4-Vf5/4) x 25/4 ------------------- 1.3.4a
= 2.517991171 x 10^14 x (Vi5/4-Vf5/4) ----------------1.3.4b
Where femr = frequency of electromagnetic waves
The Robert Millikan’s Photo electricity experimental results can be restated as;
femr =2.4179907*1014Vs+a------------------1.3.2c
Where a, is the metals work function factor.
If the experimental values of Vs5/4 are plotted against the corresponding frequency of light incident on the photocell, a straight-line graph with gradient 2.517991171 x 10^14 Hz/V should be obtained. Equation 1.3.4b thus accounts for the slope of the graph obtained the photo electricity
Example 1.3.1
Light of frequency 7.50*1014 Hz is incident on a metal with threshold voltage of 3 volts to produce photo electricity. Calculate the stopping potential that can be applied to stop the current.
Solution
Vs=11.03volts.
Example 1.3.2
A metal has a work function of 2.5 electron volts. If the electron charge used to calculate the work function of the metal is 1.6021773*10-19C, calculate the (a) threshold frequency ( threshold voltage © threshold electron charge of the metal.
Solution
fo = e x V/h = 6.045*1014Hz
Vo = 4.030 volts.
eo =9.931*10-20C.


1.4 UNIFICATION OF COUPLING CONSTANTS
I will make an attempt on bringing together the four fundamental forces of nature. To build a grand unified field theory it may be worthwhile to look closely at the coupling constants/parameters of the various forces. To obtain a working definition of what a coupling constant I will derive an expression for fine structure constant/parameter or rather electromagnetic coupling constant/ Parameter using the coulomb’s law, which is the force of repulsion between two electrons a distance r apart is given by:
Fe = (e^2)/(4 x  x o x r^2) = 2h x  x o x c/(4 x  xo x r^2) = (h x  x c)/(2 x r^2) ------ 1.4.1
Or:
 = (2 x Fe x r^2)/(h x c) ------------------------------------------- 1.4.2a
I will use Newtonian and quantum gravity to derive gravitational coupling parameter and later on I will attempt, using Einstein’s gravity, to show that this coupling parameter derived is sufficient to describe the laws of the universe. The gravitational force of attraction between the two particles is given by:
Fg = G x me^2 /r^2 = G x e^2/ (^2 x r^2) = (2G x h x o x )/(^2 x r^2) -------- 1.4.3a
Or:
g = (2 x Fg x r^2)/ (h x c) = 4 x G x o x /s ^2 ---------------- 1.4.2b
Where g = gravitational field coupling constant/parameter.
Or:
s= (4 x G xo x /g) ------------------------------- 1.4.4a
Where s = specific charge of the particle/electron
Substituting equation 1.3.4 into equation 1.2.3a we obtain the equation:
m = [(h x c x g)/ (2 x G)] ------------------------------1.4.5a
Since Planck’s mass is given by mp = [(h x c)/(2π x G)] then equation 1.4.5a can be written as:
m = mp x √αg ---------------------------------------------- 1.4.5b1 – relationship between Planck’s mass and mass of particle.
m = mass of particle
From equation 1.4.5b we can deduce the following gravitational coupling constant relation:
αg = (Lp/λc)^2 ----------------------------------------- 1.4.6c,
(For an electron αg = 16(Lp x R)^2 /α^4). In the above form it becomes easier to express gravitational coupling constant as a four vector.
So that m = mp x (Lp/λc) --------------------------- 1.4.5b2
Where λc = Compton’s wavelength of the particle and Lp = h/(mp x c) = Planck’s length. R = Rydberg’s constant and α = electromagnetic coupling constant.
Notice that Compton’s wavelength can be define as the quotient of Planck’s length and the square root of gravitational coupling constant (λc = Lp/√αg)
Equation 1.4.5a suggests that Plank’s mass is a particle with a gravitational coupling constant of one.
Equation 1.4.4a together with equation 1.4.5b can be used to derive masses of various particles observed in particle physics.
Equation 1.4.5a can be used to derive a relationship between frequency of nuclear binding energy and the gravitational coupling constant of gamma radiation given by:
f = [(c^5 x gr)/(2 x G x h)] ------------------------------- 1.4.6a
Or:
1/ = [(c^3 x gr)/(2 x G x h)] ------------------------------- 1.4.6b
Or:
gr = (2 x G x h)/ (^2 x c^3) ------------------------------- 1.4.6d
I will propose a definition of weak coupling coefficient/constant (w) as, the ratio of gravitational constant of gamma radiation to gravitational coupling constant of a nuclear particle.
Where gr = gravitational coupling constant of the gamma radiation. In this case:
w = gr/gp = (^2 x h)/(2 x c^3 x ^2 x o x ) ------------- 1.4.6e
When gr = gp then
(s^2 x h) = (2 x c^3 x ^2 x o x )
Or
λ = σs x √ [h/ (2 x c^3 x εo x αl) = λc ------------------- 1.4.7a
When the specific charge of an electron is substituted into equation 1.4.7a the Compton’s wavelength of an electron is obtained. The Compton’s wavelength of an electron is therefore the wavelength associated with its specific charge – that is:
σs = λc / [√ [h/ (2 x c^3 x εo x αl)] -------------------------- 1.4.4b
Where αl = fine structure constant of light
When the specific charge of charge of a proton is substituted into equation 1.4.7a the Compton’s wavelength of the proton is obtained. The Compton’s wavelength of a proton is therefore associated with the specific charge of the proton. Rydberg’s constant of an electron is a product of interaction between of the fine structure constant of light and the Compton’s wavelength of the electron associated with its specific charge. We can use equation 1.4.6c to obtain another equation for gravitational coupling constant for a particle at rest given by
αg = (2 x G x h)/ (c^2 x c^3) ----------------------------------------- 1.4.2c
We can therefore deduce from equation 1.4.7a and 1.4.6d a possible expression for strong force coupling parameter as:
αs = (^2 x h) / (2 x c^3 x c^2 x o x l) ----------------- 1.4.2d
c = Compton’s wavelength.
σ = specific charge of the particle
l = fine structure constant of light.
Equation 1.3.2 can be used to derive a strong force relation given as
Fs = (σ^2 x h^2)/(4π x c^2 x λc^2 x r^2 x εo x α) ------------------------ 1.4.3b
A model of magnetic force acting on two parallel current carrying conductors can also be used to visualize strong force. Using this model on a strong force relation can take the form:
Fs = B x I x L = o x c^3 x o x h x ^3/ (2 x r^2) ------------------------------------ 1.4.3c
Strong force can also be visualized as originating from binding energy and when thus visualized can take the form:
Fs = m x c^2 /rs = (h x c)/ (2 x rs^2) ------------------------------------------------------------- 1.4.3d ------ strong force equation
Where m = binding energy
rs = inter-particle distance in which strong force acts.
Notice that binding force quickly falls to zero when the distance between nuclear particles slightly increases due to lose of binding energy on slight increase in inter-particle distance.
-Note: when r is very small, in the order of 10^-15 m, then  = s and F = Fs, that is  increases as r decreases, that is:
s = (2 x Fs x r^2)/ (h x c) = o c^2 x o x s^3 = 2 xm x c x r /h -------------------1.4.2e
Or
s^2 = 1 ------------------------------------------------- 1.4.2f
Or:
s = +/-1 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1.4.2g
Note strong quickly falls to zero when strong force falls below one and radioactivity or disintegration can result. A nucleus emitting gamma radiation of 1 x 10^-12 m has a weak force coupling constant of 1.746432706 x 10^-6 according to equation 1.4.6d, assuming the electromagnetic coupling constant is equal to the fine structure constant of light.
Using equation 1.4.6d a weak force equation is obtained given by:
Fw = ( x h)^2/(4x  x c^2 x ^2 x o x  x r^2) ----------------- 1.4.3e ---- weak force equation
 = Specific charge of nuclear particle.
 = wavelength of gamma radiation.
 = Electromagnetic coupling constant.
The equations above together with the law of relativistic mass I derived can be used to show that an electron having a fine structure constant (electromagnetic coupling constant) of 137.0359997 will have a gravitational coupling constant of 1.756718561 x 10^ -45 and a mass of 9.109385343 x 10^ -31 kg; a proton having the same fine structure constant (electromagnetic coupling constant) will have a gravitational coupling constant of 5.92270063 x 10^-39 and a mass of 1.672622249 x 10^-27 kg; a particle having a gravitational coupling constant of 1 x 10^ -20 will have a mass of 1.220891989 x 10^9 Gev/c^2 ; a W boson of mass 80.4 Gev/c^2 has a gravitational coupling constant of 4.336682317 x 10^-35 assuming an electromagnetic coupling constant of 7.355325693 x 10^-3 and a weak force coupling constant of 3.979291223 x 10^-7; a Z boson having mass of 91.2 Gev/c^2 has a gravitational coupling constant of 5.580012712 x 10^-35 and assuming a fine structure constant of 7.297352189 x 10^-3, then the boson can be visualized to be made up of two antiparticles having specific charge of +/- 9.854771697 x 10^5 C/kg; a muon of mass 105.6583699 Mev/c^2 has a gravitational coupling constant of 7.48908601 x 10^-41 and assuming a fine structure constant of 7.297552189 x 10^-3, a muon should have a specific charge of 9.957603892 x 10^9 C/kg.
According to these equations an electron particle having Planck’s mass will have a fine structure constant of 4.165660976 x 10^42, a speed of  x c = 1. 248833743 x 10^51 m/s and energy of 3.394342501 x 10^94 Joules (note in this case the energy is mp x ( x c)^2 and not mp x c^2) while a proton particle having Planck’s mass will have a fine structure constant of 1. 235772618 x 10^36, a speed of  x c = 3.704753108 x 10^44 m/s and energy of 2. 987204498 x 10^81 J. Planck’s mass can have energy for infinite universe if g tends to infinity.
According to these equations a proton has a gravitational coupling constant of 5.905092961 x 10^-39 while gamma rays of wavelength 1 x 10^-12 m have gravitational coupling constant of 1.031284748 x 10^-44 and weak coupling constant of 1.746432706 x 10^-6.
It follows the case where αw = α then:
α^2 = (σ^2 x h)/(c^3 x λ^2 x εo) ------------------------------------------- 1.4.6f
Or:
λ^2 = (σ^2 x h)/(c^3 x α^2 x εo) ------------------------------------------- 1.4.7b
But
λ^2 = (σ^2 x h)/(c^3 x α^2 x εo) = (4 x h^2 x c^2)/(9 x k^2 x T^2) --------- 1.4.7c
(Assuming that 3 x k x T = h x f)
Where k = Boltzman’s constant and T = absolute temperature
Or:
T = [2/3 x α √(c^5 x h x εo)/ (σ x k)] ------------------------------------1.4.8a
The relationship between Electromagnetic coupling constant and temperature is given by:
α = {(3 x k x T) ^2/5/[c x (2 x h x εo) ^1/5]} ---------------------- 1.4.6g
Therefore combining equation 1.4.8a and 1.4.6g the actual temperature at which the weak coupling constant is equal to the electromagnetic constant is given by:
T = [2^4/5 x c^3/2 x (h x εo) ^1/2]/ (3 x σ x k) = 5.233062068 x 10^13 K. ----- 1.4.8b
For the same proton plasma, when αg = 1, α = 1.235772618 x 10^36 and T = 7.42848846 x 10^49 K. This is the temperature of Plank’s Mass having specific charge of a Proton.
It is argued among some scientists that forces of the universe originated and separated from a unified super force. This thought is worth further exploration. It can easily be shown that forces originated from a unified super force given by the equation:
Fu = 2 x h x c x ^3/(Lp)^2 = 4 x o x ( x c)^4/^2 = 2 x m x c^2 x ^3/Lp -----------------1.4.3f– super force equation
{Note: In all my analysis Lp = h/(mp x c)}
At high very high energies the weak force coupling constant is just equal to the electromagnetic coupling constant. By equations 20 and 22 a proton like particle having Planck’s will have an electroweak coupling constant of 2.282989449 x 10^36 giving the super force a magnitude of 2.283988448 x 10^152 N. (Note these calculations a based on a gravitational coupling constant of one as the upper limit. For an infinite universe the gravitational coupling constant has no upper limit, meaning the existence of an infinite super force) By equations 25 such a proton like Planck’s mass with such a high weak force coupling constant should explode, due to it’s high radioactivity, to produce bursts of gamma rays and generate smaller, less energetic particles and having smaller electroweak coupling constant and through a series of many explosions bursts of gamma rays, and more particles are generated, cosmic fluids created, etc. By virtue of having very high fine structure constant these original gamma rays would travel at speeds much greater than 1.235772618 x 10^36 times the speed of light. Atoms (macroscopic objects) would form when fine structure constant falls to value much below one at energies that are low enough for strong force to hold particles together. With the formation of atoms, molecules and large masses gravitational forces becomes more significant.
Notice in equation we can combine by assuming equality of the electromagnetic and weak coupling constants of equation 25b and come up with some electroweak coupling constant and elecroweak force given by:
ew = [h/(2 x c^3 x o x ^2)] ---------------------------------------- 1.4.6h
Few = [(h^3/2 x c^1/2 x )/(2 x r^2 x o^1/2 x ) -------------------- 1.4.3g
These relationships can be applied in conditions where the electromagnetic coupling constant equals the weak force coupling constant.
When weak and strong forces are related the following electromagnetic coupling parameter relation is obtained:
sw = (^2 x h)/(2 x c x o x ^2) --------------------------------- 1.4.6i
1.5 A FURTHER LOOK AT EINSTEINS GRAVITY
Before I view Einstein’s gravity, I would also like to present an idea on gravity. I propose that heavenly bodies like planets and stars have gravitational seas that radiate circular gravitational waves from the source particle. The speed of these gravitational waves decrease with increase in distance from the source - in other words the grad of the speed of the gravitational waves is negative. The gravitational field strength at a point in space is therefore equal to the rate of change of velocity of these gravitational waves. Space is therefore permeated by a sea of gravity or gravity ether, a hidden dimension. Gravitational waves of different heavenly bodies interact leading to phenomena like rotation of planets, air and ocean tides climatic changes, gravitational levitation etc. These gravitational seas are a sort of a medium with varying refractive index and light passing through a gravitational sea can undergo red shifting and also bending. The curvature of space-time around matter can therefore be accounted for by the negative grad. of their speed which creates accelerating geodesics.
I propose that mass provides the gravitational energy to its surrounding gravitational sea/ether to enable propagation of gravitational waves. If ρs is the density of the gravitational sea/ether and θ is the density of the source of gravity (mass) then a simple Newtonian relation connecting the two densities is given by:
vs^2 x ρs= 2 x G x m x θ x ro/r^2 ------------------- 1.5.1a
Where r is the distance to the source
Where vs = β x vo
vo = orbital velocity and vs = velocity of gravity waves
I propose a simple relation between speed of light and speed of gravity
c = 4π x n x G x m x θ x f/ (vs^2 x ρs) ----------1.5.2
Where n x f = frequency of the gravitational waves.
Or λs = 4π x n x G x m x θ/ (vs^2 x ρs)
Or λs = 4πnGmθ/ (vs^2 x ρs) -------------- 1.5.3
Where λ is wavelength of electromagnetic waves;
I propose a possible relation connecting wavelength of gravitational and mass source of gravity as:
λs 2x ρs x r^2/ro =m -------------------- 1.5.4
I propose another possible relation connecting frequency of gravitational wave and mass of source of gravity as:
f^2 = G x θ -------------------- 1.5.5a, where θ is the density of the body.
By the above proposed gravity laws gravitational waves of large bodies like the earth are characterized by very low frequency [except for super dense objects], extremely large wavelengths and superluminal speeds. For example a planet of mass 6 x 10^24 kg and radius 6.37 x10^6 m having density 5540 kg/m3 in a space having a gravity sea of density 1 x10^-27 kg/m3 will generate gravity waves of frequency of frequency 6.08 x 10^-4 Hz, wavelength 3.07 x 10^22 m, speed 1.87 x 10^19 m/s. Gravity waves are therefore very hard to detect because of their very low frequency. Quantum entanglement becomes possible when the waves when the waves of a particle are transmitted by the fast traveling gravitational waves of Large bodies.
The presence of matter in space propagates a disturbance through the ether sea in the form of gravity waves. The acceleration of these gravity waves is gravity.
That is the relationship between gravitational field strength and speed of gravity is given by:
g = √ (G x ρ) x vs= f x c------------------------ 1.5.6
ρ = density of ether.
f = frequency of gravitational wave
Or:
ρ x vs2 =Gm^2/r^4 -------------- 1.5.1b
Ether of density 1 x 10^-27 kg/m^3 moving at a speed of 1.87 x 10^19 m/s will produce a gravitational acceleration of 4. 85 m/s^2
The energy of a gravity particle is given by:
E=h√ (G x ρ) ----------------------------- 1.5.7a
The frequency of an aether particle/ graviton is given by:
fg^2 =G x ρ = n x (g/c)^2------------------------ 1.5.5b
Or its spin is given by:
ω^2 = 2π x G x ρ = 2πn x (g/c)^2 ------------------ 1.5. 5c
Where ρ is the density of the particle.
Equation 1.5.5a can be used to derive equation 1.5.8a below
M = (ω^2 x L^3)/ (4π x G) ---------------------------------- 1.5.8a
I will rewrite the above equation to achieve my desired end:
M = (ω^2 x L^3)/ (4π x G) = (ω^4 x L^4)/ (4π x ω^2 x L x G)
= c^4/ [4π x G x k x v x ω] = k’ x c^4/ [8π x G x v x ω] ------------------- 1.5.8b
Or:
8π x G x M x v /c^4 = k’/w ------------------------------------- 1.5.9a
Since momentum is not a vector in a relativistic sense it would need to be combined with energy as a fourth element to get a tensor which obeys tensor transformation properties- i.e. the pseudo tensors on both side of the equation can be converted to tensors through the appropriate combination to obtain the Tensor form of equation 1.5.9a which would model relativity. Alternatively, the equation 1.5.9a can be written in the form:
8π x G x M x v^2 /c^4 = k’’ x r ------------------------------------- 1.5.9b
To unify Quantum mechanics there is need for us to understand the Einstein’s constant (Ek). From equation 10 of the previous presentation and other equations:
Ek = 8πG/c4 = (2 x Lp^2)/ (π x G x mp^2) = (4 x Lp^2)/ (h x c) = (4 x Lp)/ (mp x c^2) --- 1.5.10
Where mp = Plank’s mass
Lp = Planck’s length
G= Universal gravitational constant.
Also G = (Lp x c^2)/ (2 x π x mp) ------------------------------------------------------- 1.5.11
Using equation 1.5.9b Einstein’s General relativity can trivially be reduced to:
[(4 x Lp)/ (mp x c^2)] x m x v^2 = k’’ x L -------------------------------- 1.5.12
The Newtonian gravity equivalent of equation 1.5.12a is given by:
[(4 x Lp)/ (mp x c^2)] x G x M x m = k’’ x L^2 -------------------------------- 1.5.12b
Or:
Fg = k’’ x (mp x c^2)/ (4 x Lp) --------------------------------------------------- 1.5.13a
Where Fg = gravitational force
Thus general relativity can be rewritten as:
Ricci tensor – scalar curvature x space metric = 4 x stress energy tensor x Planck’s length divided by energy of Planck’s mass.
Ricci tensor – scalar curvature x space metric = 4 x Planck’s length x stress energy Tensor divided by energy of Planck’s mass.
Thus our understanding of geometric theory of gravitation depends on our understanding of Einstein’s constant. Einstein’s constant is thus four times the quotient of Planck’s length to the energy of Planck’s mass.
Rearranging equation 1.5.12:
g = m xv^2/L = k’’ mp x c^2/ (4 x Lp) ------------------------------------- 1.5.13b
Or more generally:
g = m xv^2/L = (k’’ mp x c^2)/ (4 x Lp) = (k’’ x h x c)/ (4 x Lp^2) =
(k’’ x mp x c^2)/ (4 x Lp) = (k’’ x c^4)/ (8 x π x G) = G x M /L^2 ------------------- 1.5.13c
k’’ = variable dimensionless scalar.
There is a need to at least obtain a tensor form of the grand unified field theory I have proposed. There is also the question of the constancy of the fine structure constant of light that needs to be resolved. A number of experiments conducted show that there is no compelling evidence for varying fine structure constant of light; Again there is need to tackle the paradox of the electron, which, seemingly, has a constant charge, a constant specific charge and a relativistic mass. A theory of everything should resolve this paradox.
In this presentation I will try to tackle these problems in order to not to leave any loopholes. First, does general relativity need any generalization to be compatible with quantum mechanics?
I represented Einstein’s constant in various forms- i.e.
Ek = 8πG/c4 = (2 x Lp^2)/ (π x G x mp^2) = (4 x Lp^2)/ (h x c) = (4 x Lp)/ (mp x c^2) --- 1.5.10
So that Einstein’s Gravity can be written in the form:
(4 x Lp)/ (mp x c^2) x Einstein’s stress tensor = Ricci Tensor – scalar curvature x metric tensor. ------------------------------ 1.5.14
So that Gravitational force can be written in the form:
Fg = I/d x Einstein’s stress tensor = 1/d x [1/4 x mp x c^2/Lp] x [Ricci tensor – scalar curvature x metric tensor]} --------------------------------- 1.5.13d
Where d = distance between particles.
The gravitational coupling constant/ parameter can therefore be derived as:
g = (2 x  x Fg x d^2)/(h x c) = {π x d x [mp x c/(2 x h x Lp)] x [Ricci tensor – scalar curvature x metric tensor]}=[ (π x d) / (2 x Lp^2)] x [Ricci tensor – scalar curvature x metric tensor]}------------------------------------------------- 1.5.15a
Quantum mechanically we can reduce the tensor thus:
Ricci tensor – scalar curvature x metric tensor = (4 x Lp x m x v^2)/(mp x c^2)
= 4 x Lp x h x f = 4 x Lp^2/ ----------------------------- 1.5.14
Substituting equation 1.5.14 into 1.5.15a
g = 2π x d/ ------------------------------------------------1.5.15a
Where  = wavelength of the gravitational waves.
Or:
g = (2π x d^2 x Fg)/ (h x c) = 2 x d/ --------------- 1.5.15b
When d/ = 1/2, g =1
Or:
Fg = h x c/(d x ) = h x f/d = m x f x c ------------------------ 1.5.13e
g = f x c -------------------------------------------------- 1.5.13f
, so that Eg = h x g/c ----------------------------------- 1.5.7b
Where Eg = Energy of a gravitational wave.
f = frequency of gravitational wave moving at speed light. An equation of this form can bring compatibility between quantum mechanics and general relativity without modifying general relativity or introducing any extra assumptions.
1.6THE MAGNETIC MOMENT DIMENSION
I bring in the magnetic moment dimension. They say that fine structure constant can be measured accurately through the determination of the magnetic momentum of an electron.
The magnetic momentum of an electron is given by:
e =h x f/B = (2 + l/π) x (h x e)/8π -------------------------------------------------------- 1.6.1
Where l/π = anomalous magnetic moment constant derived from my theory
Where l is the fine structure constant of light (to be explained later)
Or:
l = [(4 x π x e)/( e x h) – 2] --------------------------------------- 1.6.2a
Or:
= [2 x {4 x ( x me x e) ^2}/ (h^3 x o x c x (2 +l/π)] -------------------------1.6.2b------ relationship between electromagnetic coupling parameter, magnetic moment mass o f an electron and fine structure constant of light. Or:
 = {(h/2) ^2/3 x [o/ (l x l)] ^2/3 x (^2/3)/c} ----------------------------------- 1.6.2c
Or:
e = (8 x  x 2 x me x e) / (h x (2 +l/π)) -------------------------------------------- 1.6.3 ------- Relationship between charge and magnetic of an electron.
Where e = magnetic moment of an electron.
From equation 25 we can obtain the following Einstein’s energy relation:
E = me x c^2 = (h x e x c^2) (2 +l/π) / (8 x π x √2 x e) ------------------ 1.6.4
From the above Einstein’s relation we can obtain the following particle frequency relation:
f = (e x c^2) (2 +l/π) / (8 x √2 x π x e) ------------------------------- 1.6.5
e = 9.284754 x 10E –24 J/T according to recent accurate measurements. Equation 1.6.1precisely accounts for this value.
Obviously by equations 1.6.2b and 1.6.3 both fine structure constant and charge of an electron should be relativistic since both are dependent on the mass of an electron, which is relativistic. When the rest mass of the electron and the other appropriate values are substituted both the values of  and e are obtained precisely.
Let me make some clarification. Lp = h/(mp x c)
A possible relationship between Einstein’s constant and quantum gravity is:
Ek = 8πG/c4 = (2 x Lp^2)/ (π x G x mp^2) = (4 x Lp^2)/ (h x c) = (4 x Lp)/ (mp x c^2) --- 1.6.6
Where mp = Plank’s mass
Lp = Planck’s length.
I will introduce a new concept. I propose that light/electromagnetic waves have as an invariable fine structure constant (l) while electromagnetic coupling constant () of the electron varies.
I propose the following relationship between the wavelength of a charged particle and that of light:
p = (l) x l -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.6.10
So that the relationship between the velocity of an electron and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is given by:
v^3 x (l x l) ^2 = (h x ^2)/ (2 x o) -------------------------------------------- 1.6.11
So that the charge of an electron is given by:
e = {2^1/3 x h ^2/3 x [(o x )/ (l x l)] ^1/3} ------------------------------------------ 1.6.12a
Or:
e = [(5.722451667 x 10^-22)/ (l^1/3)] ---------------------------------------------- 1.6.12b
The constant derived is in appropriate SI units.
An electron of charge 1.6021773 x10^-19C would in this case be associated with electromagnetic waves of frequency 4.556324815 x 10^-8 m (I will call it Rydberg’s frequency) or voltage of 13.60571609 V. In the calculations above l = 7.297352536 x 10^-3. Notice the Rydberg’s constant can be obtained by finding the reciprocal of double the above Rydberg’s frequency.
The relationship between electromagnetic coupling constant and l is given by:
 = {(h/2) ^2/3 x [o/ (l x l)] ^2/3 x (^2/3)/c} ------------------------------------- 1.6.2f
These equations make it possible to calculate the electromagnetic coupling constants of electrons with fractional charge.
The charge of an electron is 1.6021773 x 10^-19 when α = αl
The mass of a charged particle is given by:
m = {[2^1/3 x h ^2/3 x o] / (l x  x l) ^2/3} ---------------------------------------1.6.12a
THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT CAN ACTUALLY BE DEFINED AS THE SQUARE ROOT OF TWICE THE PRODUCT OF RYDBERG’S CONSTANT AND COMPTON’S WAVELENGTH OF THE ELECTRON.
l = +/-√ (2 x R x c) = +/-√ [(2 x R x h)/ (mo x c)] ------------------------------------------- 1.6.2g
It seems, also, from this definition of fine structure constant of light the existence of virtual photons and virtual particles is very plausible. This possibility needs further exploration. It reminds me of virtual images formed by plane mirrors. They are a reflection of some real object but have no bearing to reality. Virtual images formed by curved mirrors can be magnified and the magnitude of magnification depends on the distance of the object to the mirror. A magnification of greater than one can be achieved when the object is moved to a distance closer to the mirror than the focal length. This concept can be borrowed to further build a model and analogy of strong force. By some mirror formula concept, Strong force quickly falls to zero some distance just greater than the focal length and suddenly magnified to a big value when the distance between the entangled particles is less than the focal length. Strong force can be visualized as a magnification of fine structure constant of light through interaction of particles by virtual photons, at short range. That is:
- s = (i x √αs) ^2 = {i x √ (l x M)} ^2 = -l x M ≈ -1---------------------------- 1.6.2h
Where M = magnification factor
We can other hand visualize strong force as being transmitted by some gluon with some high strong force coupling constant
Let me clarify some noteworthy points in some previous posting. The Electromagnetic coupling constant determines the gravitational coupling constant of a particle, which in turn determines the mass of a particle. When the Electromagnetic coupling constant is equal to the fine structure constant of light, the mass obtained is equal to the rest mass of the particle
Recall:
{g = (2 x Fg x r^2)/ (h x c) = 4 x G x o x / ^2 ---------------- 1.6.2i
Where g = gravitational field coupling constant/parameter.
Or:
= (4 x G xo x /g) ------------------------------- 1.6.13a
Where  = specific charge.
Substituting equation 1.6.13 into the relativistic law of mass of a particle derived in my theory we obtain the
m = [(h x c x g)/ (2 x G)] ------------------------------1.6.12b
Equation 22 can be reframed to relate Planck’s mass (mp) to the mass (m) of any particle. That is: THE MASS OF ANY PARTICLE IS EQUAL TO THE PRODUCT OF PLANCK’S MASS AND THE SQUARE ROOT OF ITS GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING CONSTANT.
m = mp x √g ----------------------------------------------1.6.12c
THE REST MASS OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IS DETERMINED THROUGH CALCULATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING CONSTANT FOR WHICH IT’S ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING CONSTANT IS EQUAL TO THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT OF LIGHT AND SUBSQUENTLY MULTIPLYING IT BY PLANCK’S MASS.
For example by, these equations, the gravitational coupling constant of an electron at rest is 1.756719962 x 10^-45 (by equation 1.6.12c above). The rest mass of an electron by the above equation would be 9.109388975 x 10^-31. The gravitational coupling constant of an electron moving at the speed of light is 2.407338763 x 10^-43 and its mass is 1.066366721 x 10^-29 kg. Equation 1.6.12c can be used to account for the masses of the various particles observed.
IN CONCLUSION, THE ELECTROMANETIC COUPLING CONSTANT OF A PARTICLE DETERMINES ITS GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING STRENGTH WHICH IN TURN DETERMINES IT’S MASS. THIS IS THE BASIS OF UNIFICATION.
Yours
Samuel Bonaya Buya