o The real mechanism of star formation from the neutron mass block in galactic universe.

o The giant neutron block at the center of a galaxy as the gravity center for its all family stars.

o The real source of solar energy.


All kinds of materials in the nature consist of merely two fundamental particles, proton and electron. If a proton carries an electron at the closest distance it makes a neutron, while combining it at some distance it gives a hydrogen atom.

Hydrogen atom or helium atom cannot gather automatically by themselves to build a giant gas block in the cosmic space (according to "Natural Science Founded on A New atomic Model" by Hansik Yoon, on page 296 - http://www.yoonsatom.net), in which nuclear fusion takes place to construct element atoms of higher atomic numbers, and new stars are built from them, or the Stephen Hawking's black hole from singularity substance produced by collapse of their atomic structure.

The electric repulsion between electrons is 4.17×10^42 times as great as the gravitational attraction between them from Newtonian and Coulomb's law. This kind of the lightest elements has a strong effusive character resulted from the repulsion between their orbital electrons.

So balloons filled with this kind of gases expand endlessly and burst at the stratosphere of the earth, They are being diluted limitlessly in the vacant vacuum space.

The gathering process of these light gases results in decreasing their entropy, so the idea they can gather automatically by themselves conflicts critically with the Thermodynamic 3rd law.

Hans Bethe predicted that cosmic gases such as hydrogen and helium must be the fuel of nuclear fusion of the sun or other stars, and he explained how stars produce energy by nuclear fusion in his work on nuclear reactions in the 1930s.

However, it appears that he didn't care how these kinds of lightest gases can continuously be fed to the core phase of the sun or stars where nuclear fusion takes place. These gases have to avert the penetration problem through a highly denser celestial material, say, solar material with an average density of 100g/cc.

According to G. Gamow's, after the Big Bang explosion the basic elements of hydrogen and helium were built within 10^3 seconds from the singularity, and then creation of other elements from them, and formation of few hundred billions of galactic universes were followed after 10^5 years of the explosion.

Although his story of creating hydrogen and hundred billions of galactic universes from singularity is imaginary and fictitious, the story of expanding galactic universes says one of basic orders of mass world in the nature.

Although the moving order of all the celestial stars are governed by gravitational attraction and counter balancing centrifugal repulsion between them given by their orbiting motion, the numerous galactic universes do not perform such an orbiting circular motion but a straight linear motion directing in radial symmetric direction with an accelerated speed, equivalent at least to the gravitational acceleration (expansion of universe).

It is the only way to avoid the collapse of all galactic universe due to their gravitational attraction that slows down their expanding speeds.

If there was certainly the so-called Big Bang explosion in the beginning of this universe, the giant mass block of pre-explosion was NOT built from singularity as believed today, but surely with pure neutrons.

Allegedly the singularity is an imaginary substance invented by Stephen Hawking who predicted the existence of Black Hole built with this singularity.

It seems that he was quite ignorant for the atomic structure. For instance, hydrogen atom has 10^ -10 meters in diameter, while its proton nucleus 10^ -15 meters in diameter, so their volume ratio is 1/10^15. It says that atomic structure is built with 99.999999.....% of vacant space.

If this vacant space is excluded from hydrogen atom, the density of pure mass well exceeds to be the utmost value of 7×10^7 metric tons/cc, approximately 7×10^11 times as large as that of solar materials.

Neutrons are hydrogen atoms from which their vacant space is excluded, according to Dr. Yoon's physics.

Why is Stephen Hawking's singularity needed to build his black hole?

In addition, atomic structure is difficult to be collapsed due to a massive gravitation since it has an enormously elastic resiliency like a steel ball against external compression.

Dr. Hansik Yoon assumed that neutron was at first built from the original elementary mass particles, proton and electron, by taking up energy from a some hot energy source of cosmic furnace.

The evidence is that it emits energy it absorbed in reverse when it decomposes to produce a proton and an electron. So neutron is possible to pile up to make a giant block due to their gravitational attraction, without violating the natural law of thermodynamics since they are electrically perfect neutral, according to "Natural Science Founded on A New atomic Model" by Hansik Yoon. (http://www.yoonsatom.net and http://yoonsphysics.blogspot.com/ )

Allegedly, neutron decomposes by β-decay to produce a proton and an electron to build a hydrogen atom, releasing energy. Since inside of the neutron mass must be a supercritical environment of ultra high temperature and pressure, there can occur a variety of nuclear reaction.

For example, if a proton produced by β-decay combines another neutron nearby it turns out to build a deuteron. Deuterons thus made are also possible to bind themselves to construct a helium nucleus in such a supercritical environment. Thus deuterons inside the neutron blocks becomes a fundamental building block of 92 kinds of all the natural atomic nuclei.

Dr. Yoon's physics(http://www.yoonsatom.net) defines that the force of binding protons by nuclear electron ring in atomic nuclei is the nuclear strong force, and proton ↔ neutron with an enormous frequency.

When the nuclear electron ring attached to proton to make a neutron expands its radius to be an atomic electron ring of hydrogen atom, it has to emit its structural potential energy (neutrino).

This energy is stored in a neutron and consequently the hydrogen atom distributed in the cosmic space is NOT the fuel of nuclear fusion of stars, but is mere an ash exhausted to emit its structural potential energy which is newly defined as atomic energy by Dr. Hansik Yoon (in "Natural Science Founded on A New atomic Model").

The giant neutron block had to explode if energy produced by β-decay was accumulated gradually in it, due to formation of atomic nuclei in neutron mass.

This might be the so-called Big Bang explosion. The explosion might produce numerous fragments of neutron blocks with various sizes. The fragments with giant sizes develop to make the galactic universes with a variety of sizes.

The fragmented neutron blocks by the explosion turn out to inflate their volume as atomic nuclei and atomic structures are built inside them, inserting vacant space inside their structure. Nuclear electron rings attached to neutrons expand to be atomic electron rings, as they build atoms, emitting a variety of electromagnetic radiations and mass particles with high energy. Thus there occurs phase separation inside the fragmented mass blocks; core phases with a higher density and shell phases with a lesser density.

A new star is created by the shell phases stripped and spun off from the core phases, since the fragmented neutron blocks which have ultra high temperature and pressure must rotate at a fast speed due to the Big Bang explosion.

The star-making process repeats by countless times, and build a galactic universe carrying billions of family stars. The star already spun-off can also produce new stars of second generation, the planets, and these planets can also spin off new stars of third generation, the satellites, with the same mechanism of forming new stars. It is assumed that, for example, the sun is a star of first generation, the earth and other 9 planets are second generations, and our moon is the third generation.

This is the mechanism of forming all stars in a galactic universe from a fragmented neutron mass block.

One evidence that supports this mechanism of forming stars is that few hundred billions of stars are densely created and distributed within the limited regions of each galactic universe and orbiting around the center of galactic universe, carrying their family stars, and no stars being made outside of each galactic universe.

Second evidence is that our sun rotates around the center of Milky Way galactic universe, and all of its 10 planets are orbiting along concentric circular paths on the same plane with respective speeds, and all satellites orbit also around their planets on the same plane. This plane and orbiting direction must be the spinning plane and spinning direction of fragmented neutron mass block.

Based on this new cosmology by Dr. Hansik Yoon, we can reasonably explain the energy source of the sun and other stars, entirely different from current understanding. It is the energy that originates for the nuclear reaction of forming these element atoms from neutrons contained in them.

The core phase of giant neuron block remained in the center of a galactic universe plays a role of gravity center for its all family stars, since neutron mass block has the density of around 7×10^13 metric-tons/cc, approximately 7×10^11 times as large as that of solar materials, which is equivalent to pull 350 billions of stars as large as the sun.

Active galaxy is a young galaxy where active formation of atomic nuclei and new stars takes place, emitting across most of the electromagnetic spectrum, as infrared, radio waves, UV, X-ray and gamma rays.

In the center of galactic universe there must exist such a neutron star with a giant size, emitting across most of electromagnetic spectrum and all kind of mass particles with the highest energy.

The sun blows out the solar wind, involving atomic nuclei such as proton, deuteron, and helium nucleus which turn finally into cosmic gases. The fixed stars that are young and active in their nuclear reaction, also blow out these kind of winds involving a variety of atomic nuclei like the solar wind which effects to bend and focus star lights passing nearby, acting like a optical lens, according to Dr. Yoon's new physics.

The sun must contain still a large amount of neutrons that develop into atomic nuclei, emitting energy which is the source of solar energy. The earth might have such neutron mass decaying very slowly and inertly to give out heat from its core phase to sustain global temperature.

However, a sudden active nuclear reaction might be the energy source of triggering earthquakes and volcano explosion, according to "Natural Science Founded on A New atomic Model" by Hansik Yoon. (http://www.yoonsatom.net and http://yoonsphysics.blogspot.com/ )

SCIENTIST SAYS NEUTRON STARS, NOT BLACK HOLES, AT CENTER OF GALAXIES

Office of Public Relations
University of Missouri-Rolla

Contact: Lance Feyh
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Email: lfeyh@umr.edu

December 1, 2005

SCIENTIST SAYS NEUTRON STARS, NOT BLACK HOLES, AT CENTER OF GALAXIES

ROLLA, Mo. -- For the past 50 years, black holes have been all the rage. Now, a University of Missouri-Rolla researcher says they never existed.

Scientists have long believed that hydrogen fusion generates heat and light in the sun and other ordinary stars for billions of years before the star collapses into a neutron star or black hole when its fuel is exhausted. "Most scientists think neutron stars are dead matter, rather than energized, and that eventually they can collapse and form black holes at the center of galaxies," says Dr. Oliver Manuel, a professor of nuclear chemistry at UMR. "In this scenario, the end game is the end of light as we know it."

Manuel thinks neutron stars are at the beginning of an astronomical renaissance, so to speak.

In a new paper, http://arxiv.org/ftp/nucl-th/papers/0511/0511051.pdf , Manuel and his co-authors claim massive neutron stars are the energy source at the center of galaxies. "The neutron stars break up and form smaller stars, which drift apart to form planetary systems," Manuel says.

Manuel is the lead author of the new paper, "On the Cosmic Nuclear Cycle and the Similarity of Nuclei and Stars." In the abstract, the authors state, "This cycle involves neither the production of matter in an initial Big Bang, nor the disappearance of matter into black holes."

Since the 1960s, scientists have more or less assumed that black holes populate the center of galaxies. Manuel says that assumption just doesn't make sense to him.

"You should find a hole there, not a huge outpouring of energy and light," Manuel insists. "If black holes exist at the center of galaxies, stars should be falling in -- instead of explosively moving away from the center."

According to Manuel, all of the "fragmentation" created by neutron stars and the fission of heavy elements at the centers of galaxies can be explained by "neutron repulsion."

"Neutrons and protons in the nucleus work like the north and south ends of magnets," Manuel explains. "Neutrons repel neutrons, protons repel protons, but neutrons attract protons. Neutron repulsion is the force that energizes neutron stars. This empirical fact was discovered by five graduate students working with me to decipher the nuclear mass data for the 2,850 known nuclides in the spring of 2000."

Manuel and the group of UMR graduate students published their findings in 2000 in the Journal of Fusion Energy.

Last summer, Manuel and other UMR researchers reported that a small neutron star is at the core of our sun and other ordinary stars. Those conclusions are forthcoming in the Proceedings of the First Crisis in Cosmology Conference by the American Institute of Physics.

"The heat, light and hydrogen pouring from these stars are produced by neutron repulsion in their cores," Manuel says.

Furthermore, according to the UMR scientist, our sun once belonged to a larger neutron star that exploded to form the current solar system. He imagines massive neutron stars to be like giant nesting dolls that give birth to smaller stars.

"The super massive neutron stars break up and form galaxies of smaller stars, just as the nuclei of the heavy elements break apart," Manuel says.

In their paper "On the Cosmic Nuclear Cycle and the Similarity of Nuclei and Stars," Manuel and co-authors Michael Mozina of Emerging Technologies and Hilton Ratcliffe of the Astronomical Society of South Africa argue that neutron repulsion also explains the luminosity of the sun and other ordinary stars.
"Additionally, neutron repulsion explains extremely high energy events like quasars, which are associated with high-density regions of space," Manuel says. "These were previously attributed to black holes."

Another way to explain the creation of stars within the center of a galaxy is fusion eddies. If one looks at fusion as a highly exothermic reaction, which once started, wants to proceed forward, similar to a small fire wanting to grow and expand pulling more and more oxygen into the growing flame, eventually, the geometry of the fusion core will not allow the fusion rate to increase further inspite of all the local fuel potential. The result are fusion eddies which increase the surface area for fusion, thereby creating new stars. The fusion potential acts similar to an attractive force pulling hydrogen into the fusion flame, thereby creating what appear to be extended gravity conditions similar to a black hole or neutron stars. The greater the production of fusion eddies the greater the pull of fuel materials into the center of the galaxy. This adds to the effects of the gravitation pull.

The Black Hole That Wasn't,
(Govert Schilling, Science Now, Nov. 3, 2005)

The explosion and collapse of a star 40 times as massive as the sun should easily create a black hole.

So astronomers are scratching their heads this week as new data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory indicate that such an event formed only a neutron star.

"It's a surprising find," says Gertjan Savonije of the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

When a massive star goes supernova, its core collapses into an extremely compact object: either a dense neutron star or a black hole. Theories of stellar evolution predict that stars weighing less than about 25 times the mass of the sun end up as neutron stars, while heftier stars are destined to become black holes.

However, there's "a lot of guesswork involved," says Savonije.

Take the case of the newly discovered neutron star in a compact star cluster known as Westerlund 1, 17,000 light years away. All of the stars in this cluster are believed to have been born together about 4 million years ago.

But the more massive stars evolve faster than lighter ones do, and so they die sooner. That means the progenitor of the neutron star must have been more massive than the heaviest stars still around in the cluster, which weigh up to 35 solar masses, says astronomer Michael Muno of the University of California, Los Angeles, whose team first identified the object in Chandra observations taken in May and June this year.

So why didn't the death of the massive star produce a black hole? Frank Verbunt of Utrecht University, the Netherlands, believes the riddle may be solved by assuming that the progenitor star was part of a binary system. If that was the case, the massive star would have dumped huge amounts of gas onto its companion, becoming light enough to collapse into a neutron star rather than a black hole. Muno agrees that this is a possible explanation.

Infrared observations of the neutron star, however, reveal no current binary companions that are more massive than the sun.

"It's still important to consider other reasons why some extremely massive stars won't collapse into black holes," he says. The team's findings will be published in an upcoming issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Surprisingly, Hansik Yoon's theory(http://www.yoonsatom.net , http://yoonsphysics.blogspot.com) of new star-making could explain the recent unexpected discovery of neutron star by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory.

Wow!!!

The following was released by Chandra X-ray Center and NASA.
(Public release date: 2-Nov-2005)

Neutron star discovered where black hole was expected
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/200...c-nsd110105.php
“ A very massive star collapsed to form a neutron star and not a black hole as anticipated, according to new results from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. This discovery shows that nature has a harder time making black holes than previously thought.

Scientists found this neutron star - a dense whirling ball of neutrons about 12 miles in diameter - in an extremely young star cluster. Astronomers were able to use well-determined properties of other stars in the cluster to deduce that the parent star of this neutron star was at least 40 times the mass of the sun.

"Our discovery shows that some of the most massive stars do not collapse to form black holes as predicted, but instead form neutron stars," said Michael Muno, a University of California, Los Angeles, postdoctoral Hubble fellow. He is lead author of a paper to be published in an upcoming edition of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

When very massive stars make neutron stars and not black holes, they will have a greater influence on the composition of future generations of stars. When the star collapses to form the neutron star, more than 95 percent of its mass, much of which is metal-rich material from its core, is returned to the space around it.

"This means that enormous amounts of heavy elements are put back into circulation and can form other stars and planets," said J. Simon Clark of the Open University in the United Kingdom.

Astronomers do not completely understand how massive a star must be to form a black hole rather than a neutron star. The most reliable method for estimating the mass of the parent star is to show that the neutron star or black hole is a member of a cluster of stars, all of which are close to the same age.

Because more massive stars evolve faster than less massive ones, the mass of a star can be estimated if its evolutionary stage is known. Neutron stars and black holes are the end stages in the evolution of a star, so their parent stars must have been among the most massive stars in the cluster.

The work described by Muno was based on two Chandra observations on May 22 and June 18, 2005. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for NASA's Science Mission Directorate. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Mass. "

Pseudoscientific garbage all of it.

Learn some real astrophysics before prattling out such drivel.

qraal