So I am not much of a chemistry person, so sadly I don't know if this is a simple or super complex question. What I am wondering is how to calculate the strength between two atoms in a simple molecule, like in H2O, CO2, AlO, FeO2 ect... and I have no idea where to start at all as I have taken only one chemistry course

I was hoping that I would be able to understand how much heat or electricity is required to break a bond in one of these through this calculation. basically electrolyzing the oxygen/other away from the molecule system.