I had an idea that would be fun for everyone (hopefully). The idea is to get everyone to particpate in telling the story of the universe of the past, present and to the possible future. This will obviously include Big Bang (or alternative ideas), possible Black Holes created during the first instants, the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, the birth of the first stars, the slow process of accretion, the early formation of the planets in their orbits, the birth of older Black Holes formed by very large stars, the birth of other exotic objects (which might include white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, black dwarfs, neutron stars, quark stars ect.), and someone might want to talk about nuclear fusions inside of stars and the differential elements that are made, then perhaps talk about earths violant history, then moving on to the first signs of life and their struggle to survival, then we might move onto the discovery of quanta and electromagnetism, moving onto naturally some of the greatest finds man has ever mad such as relativity and astrophenomena, then moving onto the distant future of mankind (perhaps talking about where man is heading and how we must escape the earths inevitable threats, then we might talk about the universes possible end (which would include of course the idea's of the Big Freeze, Big Rip, Big Crunch and of course an infinite expansion theory... (naturally including everything that i have missed).
You don't have to participate, i just though it would be fun to hear the views from all sides of the equation, and hearing everybodies literature on the steady evolution of this fantastic universe. I'll start the thing off if you want in another thread following this one, and after that, someone else can take over...
COME ON - JOIN IN!!!

The quantum physical approach says that in the beginning, before the universe appeared, there was nothing. Ansolutely nothing. Not a star nor a planet. And at some stage, there came the biggest 'Big Bang' ever: a tremendous explosion of matter and gas...
Matter and gas.
In scientific terms, in the cosmology of Physics, the Big Bang theory states that that the universe appeared inexorably from nowhere as an infinitely dense and extreemly hot state, about 15-20 billion years ago (±2%).
This is based on observations indicating the expansion of space proving the now well-excepted Hubble red shift showing that distant galaxies are in fact moving apart at tremendous speeds, taken together through the principles of cosmology.
If these observations are extrapolated into the past, they show that the universe exploded from a single point we call the intense 'gravitational singularity' - the tiniest pinpoint of the most violant density and temperature, as predicted by general relativity and cosmology, which contained all the matter and energy of the entire universe.
The singularity is a totally lawless region of spacetime. Here, everything is invalid mathematically, and we find that energy, space and time is stretched into infinity! But no explanation to why has ever been satisfied.
But then, we read the Bible, and some answers arise here:
"In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light...''
And this was true in the quantum bible. We find that when spacetime suddenly appeard in its violant formation, it expanded for quite a while before matter emerged from the singular region. In fact, a billion chronons passed before any light emerged from the singularity.
A chronon is the billionth part of a billionth part of a billionth part of a billionth part of a billionth part of one second. It is the shortest time-scale known in physics, and is also called the Planck Time. It is known that the Big Bang ocurred during the first chronon.
But a billion chronons had to pass before light emerged... Thus in terms of chronons, something equivalant to 32 years had passed before light came onto the spacetime map... as one second is to 32 billion billion billion billion years as one second is to one chronon.
This light, or quanta of photons were to give passage to the flux of all matter... This light would evolve into the first nucleons and electrons...

You know, i proposed this exersise so that we could particpate in a thread without the use of arguements ... something which no thread so far has been able to survive; except for the odd few. I would really like everyone to get into this... I think we have a lot to learn off each other... Ok... I hope to see this set off... I'll continue the story;

And thus light came out of the singularity. When this happened, something truly amazing ocurred... The Unified Field of Force called 'Quantum Gravity' shattered, and gravitoweakelctromagneticstrong force broke into singular sides of the same geometrical force...
The consequesnces would have been huge if it hadn't. In theory, if Quantum Gravity maintained it's original unification, a very strange substence would have emerged from the singularity... It would have been a type of quantized matter that mediated all the forces at once! There is no name for this particle, because it never existed, but i called it for namesake, the Hypergraviton.
Everything in the universe would have consisted of this very strange and exotic matter. But we wouldn't be here... nothing would have been able to form properly in the correct dosage.
When this field snapped, the seperate forces (but still intimately linked), spread out over spacetime faster-than-light. And it mediated a quark soup, soon followed by the combination of gluons and they formed together very quickly. Not only this, but all of this soon followed the production of elements.
The first element created (according to the book, ''The First Three Seconds'') was H-1, which is the lightest and simplest element known to man today. This was of course hydrogen. Only a few seconds after this came the more heavier elements... such as H-2 called Deuterium and of Helium He-3 closely followed by it's isotope cousin of He-4... Then came Lithium Li-6 and its isotope of Li-7.
All of this was possible within seconds because of the very very very hot conditions of the early universe... And all of these temperatures we are talking about needed to be tuned so precisely... If they hadn't, we would have ended up with very different and strange matter.
Then came radioactive elements, such as Berylium-7 Be-7 and it's cousin isotope Berylium Be-8 and also the well-known Tritium H-3. All of this produces a steady balance of elements which would have given way to the very first nucleons.
By this time, according to NASA scientists, the universe would have contained 70% hydrogen, 30% helium, and an error calculation of 0.001% of Deuterium.

The extreem heat was now beginning to cool very slightly, but it was still hot enough to produce Protons and Neutrons. But this cooling actually shifted a very important change with the Protons and Neutrons. has a positive electrical charge of 1.6x10^19 'coulombs' and a mass of 938 MeV, that is Mega-Electro Vaults or 1.6726231x10^-27kg, or about 1800 times the mass of the electron. The proton is one of the fundamental particles that make up the center of atoms called the nucleus, apart from the hydrogen atom, which consists of a single proton. The proton seems to be an infinitely stable particle, as no one has ever seen one decay.
The proton is classed as a 'Baryon', which are always made up of three quarks. The proton has what are called 'two up quarks' and 'one down quark'. The 'neutron' has one up quark and two down quarks - thus it is also a Baryon. It has a mass of 940 MeV, which is slightly more than a proton. The fact that neutrons have absolutely no electrical charge actually delayed its discovery and makes them impossible to observe directly - thus makes them very important in nuclear change.
Although atoms themselves are uncharged, they are a massive 10,000 times larger than a neutron - so this should give the reader some grasp between the size of an atom compared with a subatomic particle. Even though both the proton and neutron are Baryons, it is also classified as being in the family of 'Hadrons.'
All protons and neutrons, including other subatomic particles, are themselves made up of elementary particles, called 'quarks'. There can only ever be, according to theory, a maximum of three quarks to any proton or neutron - this is because quarks themselves are made up of 'colors.' Individual quarks have specific colors, called 'strange,' 'charmed', 'up', 'down', 'top' and 'bottom' - but when three quarks come together, they are colorless. These are paradoxically the colorless objects that make up all of nature. Quarks are quite large subatomic particles - it even has more mass than the nucleus it makes up, and the missing mass is turned into gluon energy, to hold it all together.
The shift caused the Proton to have a higher life expectancy (possibly an infinite mean lifetime), whilst the Neutron was unstable, and would decay easily. The decay of the neutron creates one of themost exciting particles in quantum theory... The electron.
Electrons are able to exist now remember, because electromagnetic forces where abound after the first appearance of light energy. The electron is so small, we think it doesn't even have a radius! Of course, the more remarkable thing here, was that temperatures where still hot enough to bind the nucleons together, mediated by the quark-gluon strong forces, and electrons just began to inhabit the centers of atoms.
This was the story of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.

Well there was once this earth created and it was full of faith in the few people. Then it progressed on and went through many hardships many times with people having much faith many times. Then all of a sudden someone said hey wait this is dumb. We keep having this faith, but yet as we do it keeps stretching thinner and thinner to where there is none left for anyone. When then comes along someone that says I have an idea that can help to save the world. He's persecuted til after he's dead. Everyone figures out he was right all along. They make him a Saint for every to look back on and see that you can be somebody who stands for something, but when you make that choice you better be ready to carry that cross.

Don't make this lamb run away. I'll say that to every Troyer out there. The Entire group knowing and remembering that sacred song from when i was a child growing up at Elkhart Baptist... They led us to Golgotha....

I hope that was an attempt rather than some sarcastic attack on religion Zarabtul... Perhaps in your next thread, you might particpate in a little more depth, rather than making a quantum leap through nearly 14 billion years worth... You know, Inflationary stages, the first Black Holes or stars perhaps?
Did you get my original post?
NeoNo.1

We've seen the big bang and it's unfolding creation of matter... but with all of this, many inconsistencies arose.
According to what is now known as the standard interpretation/model of cosmology, only one began with an infinitesimal radius (about the size of a human skin cell). But alas, here is where the first problem arises. The universe, as small as it appeared to be, was certainly far too big too reconcile. Not enough time was present to allow light energy to reach all four corners of the universe...
Thus, our present model is far too big to allow light to propagate at it's constant speed throughout the universe. Therefore, regions of spacetime vastly seperated should show differential background temperatures... But they do not.
To create a condition that compliments our observations of the background temperatures, physicists needed to bring in a new concept. They needed to build a universe from the size of something like a proton. But this still wasn't enough. To balance extra conditions, and wipe out anomalies, they need to involve an inflationary stage. This inflation allowed the universe to expand faster-than-light, not disobaying the laws of relativity, because it was spacetime dragging matter, not matter dragging spacetime. Ultimately, using this dubious phase allowed scientists to wipe out any initial starting conditions which would have loomed from a skin-celled universe. The equilibrium was set.

Surveys have shown that twin stars are as frequent as in young clusters of stars and protostars as they are in the solar neighbourhoods, implying that binary stars are formed during the star formation processess.
Stars form from the collapse of giant gas clouds of molecular hydrogen such as recent gas clouds found by NASA, which populate the spiral arms of our galaxy, everoutward to thousands upon millions of lightyears.
Computer simulations of the gravitational collapse of a molecular clouds indicate that if the cloud rotates faster than a critical rate of approximately one revolution every two million years, the cloud will fragment into binary protostars with highly eccentric orbits. Indeed our star could be a product of a binary formation.
This prediction is confirmed by observations, which show that about half of the observed dense cloud cores rotate faster than the critical rate and so will likely go on to form binary protostars...
Thus our star is a product oif sister-brother binary star very farv away...

One day both these stars will collapse, and turn into white or black dwrafs... they will merge, and there is a great possibility they will merge and form a single black hole...
This is the formation of the first stars - a single black hole... In fact, the black holes in the center of the galaxy formation shows that black holes might be more frequent than realized....

how about matter dragging matter

matter having empty spacebetween particles

Landon...
Bless you... Matter cannot drag matter, unless we are talking about an atom draging a nucleus with it... In such a respct, then the atome and its inhabitants with it... i.e. the lectron and protons and neutrons...

I dare say Alpha N will have something to contribute....????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? He is far more mathematically advanced than we are 4 sure.........................?

Well... Since no one else is willing to participate, i'll do this myself gradually.

And thus, the universe was a violent place when things had not yet formed properly.
It turns out that everything was just a cloud of dust. A very slow process called accretion had to formulate the first known planets and stars... this happens when an accretion disk of cloud of gaseous materials contracts under the extreme forces of gravity, and the natural combining of atom to atom, creating stable structures of molecules and families of molecules.
Spinning masses forms a disc with a center construct which would be warm as a protostar undertakes a ''gestation period''. Eventually the central region of this locality inexorably collapses under the hostile force of gravity and gravitational waves, and allows the centre to continuously heat, possibly coubling every epoch, as the ambient gases continued to gather toward its central core.

The protostar would dispense and radiate much of its heat and energy, ejecting matter outward, where the disc itself offers little restraining to this process. The matter that is ejected is actually contributing to the debris of the surrounding disk, carbons and heavy materials helping to form the very early solar-system.
Nuclear fusion is beginning at the star`s core, and the star begins its core. The birth of the star was completed... A very steady balance in the elements needed to make all of this possible can only be seen in light of some fine-tuning.

Planets develop when matter around the central star forms small pellets which collide violently, making even larger celestial bodies, we call ''Planetoids''. Any excess debris not falling into the planetiods formations contribute ery slowly to the creation of moons and asteriods.
The very first generation of stars which form from hydrogen and helium will be the only stars having planets around them, but these might only be gas giants like Jupiter devoid of a rocky core. Other stars that form later will probably be lone, or perhaps binary connected.

There will be entire galaxies however built up entirely of dark matter and dark energy. There will be even entire antigalaxies and antiplanets and even antisuns, and they will not come into contact with ordinary matter until for billions of years. They might be swirling around in the outermost regions of the observable universe, left over since big bang. There might even be alien life created totally from antimatter.

really you are somewhat on the right track.

So, i've covered big bang, inflation ect. ect... Now i am at the very early history of Terra Firma and the solar system.
Our planet is a reasonably small planet, being the third rock from the sun. It is perfectly tuned so that it is neither too far nor too close to the sun. Our star is a small yellow dwarf. Our Sun is 15 million km away - and even at this large distance, it is still able to give us heat. The sun is always burning away at its fuel. In the suns core, it is 15 million degree Celsius and is 5 times denser than lead. Here, hydrogen atoms convert into helium atoms. As the nuclei of hydrogen form the nuclei of helium, the superfluous loss of mass is converted into pure energy. Each second, the sun converts 4 million tones of mass and will keep it burning for another 5 billion years or so.
The sun is 70% hydrogen, 28% helium and 2% heavy elements - the stuff earth is made of. The earth came from a 'Supernovae' 6 billion years ago. All planets and stars are thought to have come from the death of Supernovae - including our own solar system, where the sun makes up 99.8% of the mass. The sun has about 333,000 times the mass of planet earth.
The surface of the sun is called the 'photosphere' and it is a melting 6000 degrees Celsius. Outside the surface of the photosphere is the 'red chromosphere.' This inner solar sphere blasts out gas called 'prominences,' hurtling billions upon billions of electrically charged particles towards earth every second.
Our sun will eventually die out in 5 billion years time - and when it does it will expand 200 times larger and will consume mercury and Venus. By that time, it will be a red giant, and will scorch the earth to a cinder. Not the smallest organic life will survive. Once the sun has stripped away its outer layers and its core be exposed, it will shrink to the size of earth and become a 'white dwarf' - as it cools down and dims, it will then become a 'black dwarf' over time, and will leave us in eternal darkness - not that it should bother us by that time - we will all be long gone.
Our Galaxy, the Milky Way has something like 200 billion stars, being 100,000 lightyears across and 10,000 lightyears thick - light years measure how far light travel in one year - light will travel around 65.5 billion miles in one year.
It takes 222 million years for our sun to orbit the galactic center. Our galaxy is one of an estimated 50 billion in the universe, where some galaxies have grouped with 12 other galaxies, whereas others have grouped in thousands! They make up 'supergalaxies', which are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centers.
Not only are we finely tuned, but the very size of the sun was pivotal for early life formation. We have always been fascinated with life. We know that life, given the right conditions will thrive and teem in some of the harshest climates on earth. The elements of earth originated from the swirling disks of debris and remnant of supernovae, around 6 billion years ago that slowly began to fuse together - a process called accretion.
At this time however, the earth was highly volatile - nothing more than a molten rock, bombarded by asteroids crashing to earth for hundreds of millions of years. Then, as solar activity began to subside, everything in the observable universe began to take shape - however, life still had a long way to go, considering 'mobile matter' did not come into existence until only 4 billion years ago.
Volcanic eruptions constantly reshaped the face of the planet, forming the geological structures we see and admire today. By now, oceans had formed from volcanic condensed water vapor and also from large chunks of ice from comets carried to earth from deep space. In fact, 'Panspermia theory' states that comets could have brought 'polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' to earth, and could have brought the origins of life to earth in the form of simple microbes. The strongest evidence of this was announced, rather bizarrely by President Clinton standing on the Whitehouse lawn, saying that NASA had discovered evidence of possible life in the subsurface of Mars.
A cabbage-sized meteorite, found recently in Antarctica, dubbed ALH84001 that seemed to have come from the 'red planet' had in it tiny features, that according to NASA scientists could have been fossilized microbes. The only problem is that the little marks are under high controversy, and not every scientist is convinced it is in fact, fossilized Martian life. The skeptics however admit, the tiny marks do have all the appearances of bacterium - but are considered far too small to be living organisms - which is all very interesting, considering this presumed life came from an entirely different planet; you would expect some biological differences wouldn't you? However, NASA did find organic chemicals inside of the meteorite, including carbonates, which also included tiny magnetic grains that can be produced by bacterium - but such grains can be produced without the aid of life.
More importantly, was a recent discovery in 2006 that seemed to prove the existence of subsurface water channels. Recent photography of the red planet displayed that a substance that looks like water had seeped out of loose rocks on the planets rocky surface - which most geologists believe itself hold all the characteristics of being formed by water itself that might have flowed around 3.5 billion years ago! This discovery will indeed make scientists think twice about astrobiology in the future, considering water is one of the fundamentals needed to sustain life.
Gases from the interior of the earth created the early atmosphere, which were mainly nitrogen and carbon dioxide. And it is believed lightning was needed as a catalyst to charge the first simple organisms. These organisms needed four basic elements; they are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. The first life would have been very simple, called 'prokaryotes,' which are single-celled organisms. It is thought that the single-celled life formed in hot springs, heated by the earth around 3.8 billion years ago. There is still evidence of them today, clinging to hot vents deep under the ocean... not changed after 4 billion years! It was only when they began to 'photosynthesize,' that the atmosphere changed. These photosynthesizing organisms released oxygen into the atmosphere.
Then, mulitcellular organisms came about and life began to double every 12 million years. However, its not been a steady ride for life at all! It has initially been very hard for any ecosystem to survive - this is because earth has undergone some heavily catastrophic events.
From what we know, nature first came from single-celled life, that eventually evolved into mulitcellular life - but a great extinction would wipe out nearly every life form off the planet, leaving the oceans decimated and empty. Then, very slowly, plants would begin to evolve, then the first insects, only to be wiped out in a second great extinction. This cycle repeated again and again until reptiles emerged dependant of the sea, only to be killed off again. Then dinosaurs came about, with the first birds, and fern plant life, yet to be destroyed in a 5th great extinction.
Only 100,000 years ago, homosapians (humans) appear. We have managed to survive an ice age 20,000 years ago - however, scientists warn us that the next great extinction is just around the corner. This is easy to imagine, especially when global warming accelerates at its disturbing rate.
O'k, that sums up life on earth... but what about life outside our own terrestrial sphere?
Scientists do not deny the rather, probable existence of alien life. After all, we live in a universe with infinite space and matter (well, not so much infinite matter. There are about N=10^80 particles in our universe, but an infinite potential in the vacuum) - there must be an equally infinite amount of possibilities for a planet, just like earth, neither too hot, nor too cold, teeming with strange and wonderful life. However, whether alien life has the intelligence to master deep space travel is a whole other game.
Given the distances and energy required, it would far exceed a space crafts capabilities - it just seems unlikely that aliens have ever visited earth. Nevertheless, aliens must exist in my opinion - it would be selfish to presume we are the only life forms in the infinite vacuum of space and time. After all, if they are alien, what are we? In fact astrologists discovered a planet extremely similar to our own, with a blue atmosphere, indicating that the atmosphere would probably contain similar gasses found here on earth. Only one problem... the planet a whopping 5 billion light years away... thus we won't be visiting this planet in the near-future.
Neo

Now we have come to modern man, and our theories have made us into a very intelligent race indeed... One of these great discoveries arose from a man who predicted some remarkable stuff.
Quantum Mechanics is a troublesome theory. It was devised originally to answer a fundamental problem concerning packages of light we now call quanta. Albert Einstein expressed his feelings quite clearly about Quantum Physics. At least the theory of relativity is consistent, with its predictions of matter, space and time.
In Einstien’s general and special theories of Relativity, there is an unbounded relationship between space and time and matter. It is out of here, a special relationship between mind and matter arises also. We conclude that space is time. They are two sides of the same thing. You cannot move through space without moving through time, unless you exist as a zero-time particle, which is just another weird situation in relativity.

Einstein (March 14th 1879 - April 18th 1955) born in Germany, published his theories in 1905, and published his general papers in 1915 - they revolutionized our ways of thinking about the universe. He received his Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the 'Annus Mirabilis,' which describes 'photoelectric effects' including his contributions to theoretical physics - in fact, some scientists believe he should have received more Nobel prizes for his work on 'the Brownian Movement' and special relativity - since the Brownian Movement itself showed the existences of atoms - something that was not widely excepted before Einstein.
Relativity is a complex theory in certain area's... and according to a recent survey, it is universally misunderstood. However, to help us understand what Einstein was going on about, we can use his relativistic puzzles to help us build a clearer picture. We will have a look at a few of them soon - but first, let's see why Einstien's mind was on curves...
Einstein was concerned about a flat spacetime. Gravity was difficult to explain in a flat Euclidean universe. This was why he decided to bring a new vision into our universe. He figured that if you are in an elevator that is accelerating upwards, you can imagine that the elevator would push up against you. This is a product of the force of the mass moving upward, against the gravitational force of earth pulling you back down. Using this description, Einstein made a new notion of gravity. When the elevator moved upward, whilst the platform would be pushing up against you, turned out to be like the force pulling you back down to planet earth called gravity.
He figured that an object accelerating was the same as a curvature. In fact, he found that gravity was also the product of acceleration, so a little thought indicates that gravity, that weakest force is directly equivalent to curvature. Thus a universe full of curvature was a universe full of gravity.
The curvature of spacetime was proven in 1919, when rays of light where seen to be bending around the sun during an eclipse. This did indeed confirm a universe where light was even bent in the curves of space and time, and the final verification was reported in 'the Times' - with the headline, 'Revolution in Science - New Theory of the Universe - Newtonian idea's overthrown'. This was the secret of Einstien’s curvy universe.

From relativity we learn many secrets, including the 'Twin Paradox.' In this theory, a twin that travels away from earth a fraction shy of ''c'' (lightspeed), time becomes highly stretched. Let's say he travels a distance of 1,500 lightyears at a speed of 185,888 mps, and when he finally returns, he will find his twin brother on earth has aged remarkably... in fact, his twin brother will probably be six foot under, while he himself might have only aged a couple of years!
This is the paradox of space and time when you move through it at a very fast speed. The twin who traveled the 1,500 lightyears moved so fast that his time slowed down. Let us look at some particles here, to describe some velocities, and how the speed of something marks a territory between real time (imaginary space), zero-time and real space (imaginary time).
A Bradyon, also known as a tardyon, (v<c) moves always with a velocity under ''c''. The speed of light, it turns out, is a kind of border - this barrier is able to limit all Bradyons with a speed always under 186,000 miles per second and it defines the constant nature of 'c'. For a mass to exceed the velocity of ''c'', means that it needs to increase in mass (we are Bradyons, thus we cannot travel faster-than-light). Thus if a particle exceeded the speed of light, it would need to double in mass every passing superluminal moment - it would also require an infinite amount of energy! This is what relativity explains.
A particle that moves like a Bradyon moves in 'real time' - which is the same as 'imaginary space.' We move so fast through time, and we hardly ever move through space. Time moves through us at the speed of light. We move through time at 186,000 miles per second - this means you are 186,000 miles away from where you where just sitting or standing in each passing second. The root word Brady literally means 'slow' - hence the fictional family, 'the [Brady] bunch', hinting at a family with slow-working intelligence.
A particle with a velocity equaling ''c'' is a bit of a surprise. This particle is ageless. This is, what is called a zero-time particle. A zero-time particle, also means zero-space, as it neither moves in 'real space' (which is imaginary time) or 'real time' (which is imaginary space). A photon is a zero-time particle, and ever since it left its source, it existed as if no time was ever spent. In this sense, a photon is never really born, and never really dies!
There is a hypothetical substance called, ''tachyonic matter.'' This matter travels in imaginary time. It spends no time in real time, as it will oscillate back and forth throughout the time dimension. This tachyonic matter moves faster than the speed of light. Such a substance is permitted by relativity because it started with a velocity over ''c''. It is also made of a strange substance called 'imaginary matter'. The word 'tachy' comes from 'tachycardia,' which is fast heart rate.
To make your way through all these imaginary concepts, just remember this following rule; A Bradyon, like most matter in the universe moves below the speed of light, which means it will travel in real time, which is the same as imaginary space. A particle that moves at the speed of light means it experiences no time at all, nor any space. And a particle that moves with a velocity over the speed of light moves in real space, which is in relativity, imaginary time.

Einstein also shows examples of one observer in respect of another. In this next example, that you may know, is that suppose a train was moving 5 miles per hour, and aboard the train where Jack and James, and they wanted to play a game of catch with a ball. Imagine Jack stood at one end of the cart and James stood at the other end.
Now, Jack throws the ball to James at six miles per hour, and James throws it back, at the same speed. Aboard the train nothing looks wrong. The ball is thrown back and forth at the same speed. For those stationed on the platform watching the game, it is a little different. When Jack throws the ball to James, the ball is observed to move faster with a speed of eleven miles per hour. When James throws the ball it moves considerably slower, only one mile per hour.
Why does the ball move at different speeds? - Well, one needs to take into consideration the velocity of the train, including the direction the ball is thrown. If Jack throws the ball, the speed of the ball works with the train, so the speed of the train must be added with the speed of the ball. If James throws it, The speed of the train must be deducted from the speed of the ball, because the throw is going against the momentum of the train. If the ball was a photon (fastest particle of light), things change. The photon will be seen to be traveling at the same speed according to the observers on the platform and the observers aboard the train, no matter how fast it was moving!
Yes... Einstein has shown us a lot. He has brought back the importance of the role of an observer. If he where alive today, he might even be amazed with the progression of science and the observer - or he might be deeply disappointed. What gave Einstein his intelligent insight into reality? Einstein was arguably the best mind that ever lived - next to Stephen Hawkings; he had an amazing insight into reality... though, saying all this, he was not impervious to mistake.
Einstien’s mother, when he was born, developed an unusually large head. This condition is named 'macrocephaly', in which individuals are born with unusually large heads, which isn't a disease, but rather the modern interpretation says that it is an evolutionary mistake... In fact, careful recent studies predict that brain size, or cranial size actually might have something to do with be intelligence development. This development can be traced to an 'intelligence gene.' Those who do not have the normal gene, including the second evolutionary gene step (the advanced gene), are born with extremely small heads called 'microcephilacs'; that is equivalent to the chimp family, and is considered as a throwback in evolution, a disease as sorts. Photographs today prove that Einstien’s head was in fact disproportionate to his body!
Coincidental or not, was the problem that Einstein had a delay in his language [which is related to ADHD]. I can relate to Albert on this level, because i too was born with semantic pragmatic disorder, which is related to the autistic spectrum; but some of these medical terms sound all too formal...
I have always wondered if this might have been a case of his overlarge brain capacity - perhaps his brain, as large as it was for his age might have had certain functions slowed down by his 'mental production', with the minimal amount of brain power needed; but as time progressed, he worked his way out of this arena and he began to excel in his intelligence. Now, i have no medical interests - but you can imagine i was delightfully surprised to hear from a Dr. Neuroscientist Stephen Pinker who believes that his speech delay was caused by a rapid prenatal development in his brain that might have 'robbed' other functions and capabilities of the brain, such as speech development.

He began to talk at the age of nine; despite this, he was the top pupil at his high school. In later years, his success to say the least made some professors envious - some extremely repulsed by his intelligence even right into the1920's and 30's! The recurring talk that Einstein actually failed mathematics in untrue.
His first job was working at a Swiss Patent Office in 1902; he was to evaluate the Patent Applications regarding the electromagnetic devices. Einstein married Mileva Maric on January the 6th (one of a dozen women he would come to love in his lifetime), and she [is thought] to have assisted him in a lot of his calculations. She even checked his E=Mc^2 equation, just before publishing it. It is now understood, that their relationship was unbounded, but spatially separated. He would say that a respectful distance would be made, just enough room for his intellectual isolation. His job at the patent office became permanent as he was passed over to promotion until he 'mastered machine technology'.
The size of his cranium is a bit more than just a coincidence when compared to his intelligence. It undoubtedly had something to do with his mathematical and imaginary insights. His intelligence and contributions will, and have left the world in awe, maybe even leaving us slightly worried and annoyed about Einstien’s universe - and something about this world is simultaneously comforting and mystical.

Einstein’s abrupt death was by internal bleeding caused by a rupture of an aortic aneurism; the autopsy was performed by Dr. Thomas Stoltz Harvey, who decided to remove and even preserve his brain, even though at first glance, the brain looked perfectly normal - then not long ago the pickled brain of Albert Einstein was finally taken out of its container. After 52 years, dissecting the brain, we could see that Einstein had an unusual amount of extra white matter. Further investigation in 1999 at McMaster’s University showed that the parietal operculum region was missing... and to compensate this missing matter his 'inferior parietal lobe' was 15% times wider. The inferior parietal region is in fact responsible for mathematical reasoning, visuospatial cognition and imagery of movement - all pivotal traits in quantum physics. His brain also contained a whopping 73% more 'glial cells' than the average brain.
Was this what gave Einstein his superintelligence? Some have even postulated he might have had autism, perhaps dyslexia or another form of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), or even an extremely rare disorder called 'synesthesia.' This is a neural disorder, and can create ghostly three-dimensional images at will for the observer. Some peoples brain associate ghostly colors to particular letters on a newspaper, for instance, or associates colors with musical notes. Others can taste words, and a case was reported that a man, born blind could see color! Whatever gave Einstein his insight let us be glad he left earth leaving behind his relativity theories.

Quantum Theory is the most successful theoretical science that has ever existed. It has been able to describe black-body phenomena, and even what was going on around the nucleuses heart.
It all really began in 1900 when Max Planck was suggested that heat energy came in ''packets'' he called quanta. Einstein heard of his work, and he elaborated on the first quantization of the photon. He showed that the energy of a photon was equivalant to its frequences E=hv.
Since then, the science has been booming, with legendaries springing up with new theory after new theory involving Geoffrey Taylor, shoing that photons have interference patterns in 1909, then in 1926 Heisenberg showed that quantum theory was not built up entirely of cause and effect, Erwin Schridinger, known best for his work on quantum wierdness in 1935, also in 1935 Einstein, Rosen and Padolsky showed evidence that quantum theory was incomplete, then in 1952 David Bohm proposes that certain activities where due to hidden variables, and then in 1957 Hugh Everette proposes that quantum wierdness was due to parallel universes, and later Irish physicist John Bell proves that entanglement could be experimentally tested in a laboratory in 1964, then in 1970 Dieter Zeh says that certain environments cause work for decoherence, and then Alain Aspect discovers that quantum entanglement does indeed work proving Einstein wrong and then most recently Serge Horoche and collegues proved that decherence did in fact exist in 1996.
Originally, all attention was put on the state of the atom, and what was going on around the nucleus. According to the Classical Newtonian Mechanics, the electron would radiate away its energy and fall straight into the nucleus. This incongruity wasn't solved until Heisenberg introduced his Uncertainty Principle, and showed that even the electrons path was made uncertain round the nucleus, and this allowed it to escape devistation.
The wierdness of quantum theory is still not understood with clarity. The best example we have of this weirdness, is when we explain the wavelike properties of subatomic matter, and how it as two specific forms called 'the wave-particle duality'. Somehow, whilst subatomic matter resides in a wavelike function, all of macroscopic objects seem to escape its weirdness.
Another discovery that caused us to think twice about the weirdness was the discovery of quantum entanglement. Two photons created from a single source, according to the equations, meant they would stay in simultaneous contact with each other, dispite their distences. Einstein could not believe in this, and called it ''spooky''... But with Alains discovery in 1996, Einstein was proven wrong.
There are many contending theories that propose to describe quantum theory best. There is the most accepted veiw called the Copenhagen Interpretation, and this was created by Neils Bohr in of course, Copenhagen in the 1920's. It is the textbook veiw, and at its root, it determines that nothing can be entirely known about electrons, becuse the very act of observation will alter their states. This will cause them to ''collapse'', so experiments show them to be in either a bulletlike or wavelike form.
But not everyone likes the Copenhagen Interpretation. It very vague in certain areas, as it doesn't explain properly why quantum strangeness ceases at certain levels. It simply says that things are too big at the macroscopic scale.
The De-Broglie-Bohm Interpretation was first proposed by the 'quantum pioneer', Louis de Broglie, who believed that all quantum interaction and weirdness was all put down to ''pilot waves''. His idea was put down into theoretical development by the American physicist, David Bohm, who inexorably seeked for the clarity in the obvious vagueness of the standard interpretation by using 'hard law physics'. A quantum system is run by definite properties, even when not being observed, by virtue of a 'pilot wave' accompanying every particle.
However, all of this comes with the so-called, ''quantum potential;'' this is an all-spacetime filling field that is supposed to inform particles about their environment. It is this supposed field that ''tells'' particles how to behave when a certain apparatus is used to observe them... More importantly, the quantum potential is able to do all this at superluminal speeds. It was this that really brought the theory to a halt in the 1950's... however, it became revived in the 80's when the ''Aspect Experiment,'' which proved entanglement, had shown such instantaneous effects to be intrinsic within any good quantum theory.
In the 1980's, a growing number of smartly-minded scientists and theoretical astrophysicists began to study the interactional coherency between quantum systems and their surrounding in a more investigated research.
The Existential Interpretation worked with, what is called, 'quantum decoherence,' which showed that fundamental laws are inconsistent when compared with everyday macroscopic quantum systems. In the 1990's, Wojciech Zurek of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, believes wholeheartedly that quantum decoherence does not cause the ''collapse'' of all but one of the possible conditions of a quantum system, but just affects some quantum states more than others. It is inexorably the value of things we observe everyday.
Dr. Zureks interpretation involves the Copenhagen interpretation - but eradicates the theory of the so-called 'collapse', and instead opts for the multiverse interpretation. However, as you might know, the Existential Model states the existence of 'decoherence,' which is a bona-fide fact of physics, as it is known to exist. So far, this interpretation cannot be disproved. The Alternate Universe Interpretation also known as 'Multiverse Theory,' 'Many worlds Theory,' or 'Parallel Universe Theory' was created by Hugh Everett the III, it was a way of explaining the estranged wavelike and particlelike properties by a constant merging and splitting off of universes. These universes come into existence due to the wave function, and no collapse occurs in this interpretation. Instead, the wave function represents our universe, splitting off into as many possibilities the wave function ascribes. The problem with this theory is that we have never observed another universe. Also, the theory itself is problematic, as it has a high improbability as being the correct interpretation that fits nature. This is because the idea of the constant splitting and merging brings out that little voice in the back of your head saying, 'something just isn't right.'
The idea of the universe, 'playing it safe,' like this, could explain why uncertainty appears in our reality - because every possible outcome is shared among every universe, paradoxically sharing the same space. However, in the writing of this book, i read a recent survey saying that Multiple Universe theory was a theory being increasingly considered by more and more scientists - but this is not going to deter me.
Whatever the true interpretation, i propose that a better model is needed, one that will be universally-accepeted, mathematically and sensibly.